Solar Cooking
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[[File:Haines-dutchoven.jpg|thumb|372px|Dark-color pots with a dark or clear lid work best]]
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The best '''solar cooking pots''' are typically made of thin, dark metal with a lid. Pots with polished finishes, which reflect light away from the pot instead of absorbing it should be avoided. Unless you're cooking with a [[parabolic solar cooker]] where the light is being focused on the bottom of the pot, it's very important to use dark-colored pots that absorb light and transform it into heat.
   
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Clear pots will also work, especially with dark colored food ingredients, and pot lids can be either dark or clear. It is important to always cook with the lid in place so that the moisture from the food doesn't escape and fog the plastic bag or other [[glazing]].
   
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The material that the pot is made from will also affect how quickly it heats up and how well it retains the heat. Here are a few points to keep in mind:
[[File:3-liter_roaster.jpg|thumb|362px|Inexpensive solar cooking pots can be [http://shop.solarcookers.org/?pn=3+Lb+Roaster&cn=Accessories&p=622&c=30 ordered online] from Solar Cookers International.]]
 
   
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*Pots made from thin material heat faster than thicker ones
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*Metal pots will heat faster than ceramic or earthenware
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*Cast iron is slow to heat initially, but will hold heat better than thinner metals. Cast iron should be preheated in the cooker and be used during good solar cooking conditions, as it requires strong sunlight to achieve the best results
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*Foil is not generally recommended to wrap food for solar cooking because shiny foil insulates by reflecting sunlight and heat away from the food.
   
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Ideally, the pot/cooker combination should be able to cook a large enough meal to feed the entire family, which can have many members in some cultures. Some introductory projects have not succeeded because the amount of food cooked was not enough to meet the needs of the families who participated.
Whenever we hear reports of people having trouble cooking in a solar cooker we most often find that they were using normal '''pots''' whose finish reflects the light away from the pot instead of absorbing it. Unless you're cooking with a parabolic solar cooker where the light is being focused in on the bottom of the pot, it is very important to use dark colored pots. Pots of thin material heat faster than thick ones. Metal heats faster than ceramic or earthenware. Cast iron is slow to heat initially but will work during good solar cooking conditions.
 
   
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==Glass jars==
Occasionally it is fun to see the cooking. Lids may be left off of dark cakes, some cookies, corn chips with melting cheese, and a few other foods if desired. More moisture will condense on the [[glazing]] and the food will heat more slowly. Moisture condensing on the inside of the glazing may be wiped off intermittently with a clean soft cloth. In a box cooker if steaming persists and there is good sunlight, a small pebble or stick temporarily may be placed under the glazing frame or around the access door to open it slightly and allow moisture to vent. Lids can be either dark or clear.
 
 
[[File:Solar cooking food in jars to put in solar ovens|thumb|300px|Solar cooking with glass jars]]
 
Glass jars make good pots either clear or painted out the outside. They may cook slightly better darkened. Also, darkening the outside of food containers will protect some of the B Vitamins. When [[Paint|painting the jars]], a strip of masking tape placed from top to bottom before painting can be removed when the paint is dry to leave a tidy strip of clear glass for visual inspection of the inside.
   
 
When using jars for cooking, make a hole in the lid of any non-canning jar, such as mayonnaise jars, peanut butter jars, etc., to prevent steam buildup. Dome and ring canning jar lids that are designed for food preservation automatically release excess steam pressure yet are safe only when used on canning strength, food preservation jars. The thickness and strength of non-canning glass jars is not intended to take the strain of steam under pressure and could break explosively unless vented.
Foil is not generally recommended to wrap food for solar cooking; however, temporary pots or lids may be formed out of one layer of darkened foil in absence of any other equipment. Conventionally foil-wrapped food cooks very slowly if at all because shiny foil, particularly in multiple layers, insulates by reflecting sunlight and heat away. Garlic bread wrapped in foil (and possibly other foods) will do much better in a solar oven if the foil wrapped loaf is covered by insertion in a thin black cotton-blend sock or black tube made from cotton tights.
 
   
 
==Earthenware pots==
Shiny pots or bread pans may be placed into brown paper bags or dark cloth bags to successfully cook without painting them. If using paper bags or cloths, heat them alone for several hours before using them with food in order to drive off any unwanted vapors. Alternatively, a number of separate foods may be cooked in small, clear jars all under one dark tray or dark lid of a roasting pan.
 
 
Some low-fired earthenware pots do not initially cook well, although dark colored and hard-fired earthenware pots with glazing work very well. Perhaps the poor performance of some earthenware is due to liquid soaking through and evaporating on the outside, or perhaps it is due to the thickness and porous nature of low-fired clay pot sides. Experimentally, in the efforts to use low-fired, unglazed earthenware, the goal has been to approximate the hard-fired pots by filling the pores and to providing a form of glazing. On a homecraft basis, this has been done by saturating the pot with food-type oil, fat or natural resin which both closes the pores and changes the surface. Oil also will conduct heat rather well and this may be part of what improves cooking in low-fired, earthenware pots following oil treatment. Light colored earthenware needs to be darkened on the outside only, perhaps by rubbing a dark food, nontoxic dark powder or soot from clean wood into the oil coating. Even so, there may be forms of low fired earthenware that are difficult to use.
   
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==Paints to use==
====Jar-in-jar cooking chamber====
 
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{{Main|Paint}}
[[File:Glass_jar_cooking_chmaber,_Bernhard_Müller,_10-7-13.jpg|thumb|300px|Glass jar inside of another glass jar cooking chamber]]
 
[[Bernhard Müller]] has created a small cooking chamber and pot combination by inserting a black painted glass jar, with metal top, inside of a slightly larger clear glass jar with a similar top. The two metal tops should be either riveted or screwed together with stainless screws.
 
   
 
==Buying pots==
An extremely important feature is to punch a pressure relief hole through both tops. Without it, there is danger of explosion if the lids are sealed too tightly. Care should be taken when cooking with glass jars to avoid accidental breakage. Some jars, like the Mason style used for food canning, are made with heavier glass than is typically used in commercial food sales. While stronger, it does not compare to the strength of Pyrex cookware. The inner jar painted black will become quite hot.
 
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[[File:3 qt. Granite ware cook pot, 4-27-23.png|thumb|250px|[https://www.amazon.com/Granite-Ware-Covered-Round-Roaster/dp/B00OFUB64U/ref=sr_1_10?keywords=Granite%2BWare&qid=1682614410&sr=8-10&th=1 The classic 3 qt. Granite Ware cook pot]]]
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*The classic Granite Ware 3 qt. cook pot with lid, which fits nicely inside of two 3 qt. clear Pyrex bowls, is available on Amazon intermittently. To use the Pyrex bowls as a greenhouse enclosure, avoid the 3 qt. pots with side handles. {{NewApr23}} As of 4/27/23, the [https://www.amazon.com/Granite-Ware-Covered-Round-Roaster/dp/B00OFUB64U/ref=sr_1_10?keywords=Granite%2BWare&qid=1682614410&sr=8-10&th=1 3 qt. Granite Ware covered pot] is available on Amazon again. It is advertised as a 3 lb. capacity pot, but matches the dimensions of the classic 3 qt. pot.
   
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*Amazon sells a good pot for solar cooking: https://amazon.com/GSI-Outdoors-Straight-Blue-3-5-Quart/dp/B0002YRHZK
[[File:Solar cooking food in jars to put in solar ovens|thumb|300px|Solar cooking with glass jars]]
 
   
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*{{NewMar20}}Another good pot on Amazon: https://www.amazon.com/Granite-Ware-Bean-Pot-4-Quart/dp/B003RY64LK/
Glass jars make good pots although they cook better if darkened rather than left clear. Also, darkening the outside of food containers will protect some of the B Vitamins. When [[Paint|painting the jars]], a strip of masking tape placed from top to bottom before painting can be removed when the paint is dry to leave a tidy strip of clear glass for visual inspection of the inside.
 
   
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*It can be difficult finding smaller covered cook pots in a Graniteware option. A dark colored covered bread pan size has been found from a Hong Kong vendor. Note that this pot has three small holes in the bottom of it apparently to allow steam to escape while baking bread. It is available in quantities of 50+ from [http://www.banggood.com/Rectangle-Nonstick-Toast-Box-Kitchen-Pastry-Bread-Baking-Pan-Bakeware-p-928305.html Banggood].
When using jars for cooking, make a hole in the lid of any non-canning jar, such as mayonnaise jars, peanut butter jars, etc., to prevent steam buildup. Dome and ring canning jar lids that are designed for food preservation automatically release excess steam pressure yet are safe only when used on canning strength, food preservation jars. The thickness and strength of non-canning glass jars is not intended to take the strain of steam under pressure and could break explosively unless vented.
 
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::<gallery widths="260" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
 
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Banggood_bread_pan,_7-8-15.png|300px|Covered bread pan available in large quantities through [http://www.banggood.com/Rectangle-Nonstick-Toast-Box-Kitchen-Pastry-Bread-Baking-Pan-Bakeware-p-928305.html Banggood]]]
====Earthenware pots====
 
 
Stansport_Enamel_4_qt._pot_10-25-11.jpg..jpg|300px|Inspired by traditional Graniteware, the Stansport GSI Enamelware blends old-fashioned charm and functionality into one sturdy package. Plus, three-ply construction maximizes heat distribution for even cooking.
Some low-fired earthenware pots do not initially cook well although dark colored, hard-fired earthenware pots with glazing work very well. Perhaps the poor performance of some earthenware is due to liquid soaking through and evaporating on the outside, or perhaps it is due to the thickness and porous nature of low-fired clay pot sides. Experimentally, in the efforts to use low-fired, unglazed earthenware, the goal has been to approximate the hard-fired pots by filling the pores and to providing a form of glazing. On a homecraft basis, this has been done by saturating the pot with food-type oil, fat or natural resin which both closes the pores and changes the surface. Oil also will conduct heat rather well and this may be part of what improves cooking in low-fired, earthenware pots following oil treatment. Light colored earthenware needs to be darkened on the outside only, perhaps by rubbing a dark food, nontoxic dark powder or soot from clean wood into the oil coating. Even so, there may be forms of low fired earthenware that are difficult to use for SBCs.
 
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Crockpot-inner-pot.jpg|300px|In the USA, it is very easy to find used crockpots in thrift stores that contain an inner ceramic pot with a glass lid that is perfect for solar cooking.
 
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</gallery>
====Gourds====
 
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*{{NewJun16}}Various pots used by hikers are available online from Amazon.com:
Gourds to be used as pots need to be fully ripened, scraped and cleaned to a thin hard shell and, if of a light-skin variety, need to be darkened on the outside. Gourds almost completely filled with food cooked better than gourds with a little food in the bottom. Experimentally, like with low-fired earthenware, treating inside and outside surfaces with vegetable oil or animal fat seems to improve the cooking times. Low temperature oils which scorch to a useful dark brown are olive oil, used lard, and peanut oil. The point at which oils will darken can be lowered by utilizing old oil that has been used for cooking, perhaps which still has food particle in it, or which has an added emulsifier.
 
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**[https://www.amazon.com/GSI-Outdoors-3-5-Straight-Blue/dp/B0002YRHZK GSI Outdoors Enameled Pot & Lid, 3.5 Quart I Campfire Cookware, Home or Cabin - Blue]
 
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**[http://smile.amazon.com/dp/B000P9F1EQ Texsport Black Ice The Scouter 5 pc Hard Anodized Camping Cookware Outdoor Cook Set]
The Santa Domingo gourds tested were kept sitting upright while they grew. After harvest, they were dried outdoors in the shade for some months until the seeds begin to rattle. Then the tops were cut off and the seeds and inner pulp removed. They were scraped to a hard surface inside and out. Our test gourds held between 1 and 1.5 quarts (.95 and 1.4 liters) and after preparing as pots were almost spherical with 3 inch (7.5 cm) openings. The sides were approximately 1/8 inch thick (.3 cm).They held liquids, did not flavor the food and produced cooked food over a period of many weeks. Heat seemed to penetrate slowly. Gourds cooked faster with lids made of a small squares of clear glass rather than dark lids, which sacrificed some level of B Vitamins in some foods. This was judged to be a minor effect compared to the convenience of being able to grow your own solar pots in some cases.
 
[[Image:Black_pots_bolivia.jpg|thumb|300px|Solar cooks in Bolivia painting their standard aluminum pots black on the outside]]
 
On an experimental basis, where very large gourds are available their shells might be evaluated for use as inner boxes. If they proved successful, used in conjunction with gourd pots in an insulated pit or other outer insulation, the materials needs for low temperature SBCs in equatorial regions might be reduced to simply foil for the inner surface of the large gourd and the glazing...or perhaps to only the glazing? This is highly speculative and cannot be appropriately evaluated at 34.4 N. Latitude where our work is done.
 
   
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*Dull, black cooking pots are also available through a company located in the [[Czech Republic]] called Belis, http://www.belis.eu. Their contact page is: http://kontakt.czechtrade.net/belis/en/
[[File:Euro_solar_pot1.jpg|thumb|300px|The EuroSolarPot (prototype ESP-28) is the innovation of [[Andrew Kotowski]]. Built by Andrew and Margot, it has been tested successfully in France and Poland. The pot is designed for use in [[solar panel cookers]], especially in the Nordic countries. Thanks to the greenhouse effect, its thermal properties are improved compared to traditional solar pot. Click [http://fr.solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/EuroSolarPot here] for more information.]]
 
   
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==Pot lids==
 
Pot lids can be homemade by turning the pot upside down on a flattened piece of metal and drawing an outline. Cut the metal about ¼ inch (.6 cm) outside the line. File or sand the sharp edges to dull the cut surfaces and protect the fingers. This may be done simply by rubbing a rock along the cuts. Working regularly around the lid piece with pliers, bend the edge down at the line. Sometimes the fluting looks nice. If necessary, cut from the edge into the line to allow the pieces of edge to overlap. Darken the outside of the lid and heat it for several hours before using it with food. Temporary lids made be made by the same method using a brown paper bag and creasing the paper at the line. These also need to be heated alone for several hours before being used with food. Sometimes small holes are punched in a lid to allow moisture to escape and produce a drier crust on foods such as breads or breadcrumb toppings, cakes and cookies.
 
Pot lids can be homemade by turning the pot upside down on a flattened piece of metal and drawing an outline. Cut the metal about ¼ inch (.6 cm) outside the line. File or sand the sharp edges to dull the cut surfaces and protect the fingers. This may be done simply by rubbing a rock along the cuts. Working regularly around the lid piece with pliers, bend the edge down at the line. Sometimes the fluting looks nice. If necessary, cut from the edge into the line to allow the pieces of edge to overlap. Darken the outside of the lid and heat it for several hours before using it with food. Temporary lids made be made by the same method using a brown paper bag and creasing the paper at the line. These also need to be heated alone for several hours before being used with food. Sometimes small holes are punched in a lid to allow moisture to escape and produce a drier crust on foods such as breads or breadcrumb toppings, cakes and cookies.
   
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[[Image:Painting_pots_black.jpg|thumb|300px|Metal pots can be [[Paint|painted black]] for use in a solar cooker.]]
 
[[Image:Painting_pots_black.jpg|thumb|300px|Metal pots can be [[Paint|painted black]] for use in a solar cooker.]]
Small pieces of glass may serve as lids on many different pots, as mentioned previously. The question as to how much vitamin loss occurs when food is cooked without a pot lid or under clear glass needs to be researched. Judging from color changes, there may be some vitamin or nutrient change if food is exposed to bright sunlight while cooking. This may be more important when cooking liquids than when cooking solids, since liquids will circulate by convective flow exposing a greater proportion of the food to the sunlit edges. Riboflavin, a major B vitamin destroyed by light, is found in milk and milk products, eggs, liver, kidney, grass, fruits, leafy vegetables, yeast, etc. These foods with light-sensitive vitamins definitely should be cooked in dark containers.
 
   
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===Clear lids===
Research is still needed comparing the effects of solar cooking with food exposed to the sunlight after it has passed through various layers of glazing with solar cooked food using lids. Research is also needed on whether or not there are significant amounts of aluminum compounds absorbed into the food from aluminum pots when foods, particularly acid foods, are cooked at the relatively low temperatures for extended periods of time typical of solar box cooking. Until the facts are established, foods should be cooked with dark covers and aluminum pots not be used unless no other pots are available. Also, there are unresolved questions at this time about the possible uptake of metal compounds into food cooked in tin cans.
 
 
[[File:Clear_lid_vs_black_lid_with_bag_-_Teong_Tan.jpg|thumb|350px|[[Teong Tan]] found that a black pot with a clear lid without a plastic bag (left) heated faster than a normal dark pot with a dark lid inside a [[plastic bag]] (right). See [[Media:Greenhouse Enclosure Comparison February 2008.pdf|Greenhouse enclosure comparisons]].]]
{{clr}}
 
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[[Teong Tan]] did side-by-side [[Media:Greenhouse Enclosure Comparison February 2008.pdf|controlled tests]] using various pot/glazing configurations. What was not expected was that the pot with a clear glass lid had outperformed the pot with a metal lid plus oven bag. He states that this could be due to:
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*The metal lid had prevented sunlight from reaching the inside of the pot, where it mattered the most.
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*The downward conduction and convection of heat, from the hot metal lid to the lower part of the pot, were not efficient.
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*The amount of sunlight coming in from the top was significant, and this had helped to rapidly raise the temperature of the pot with the clear glass lid.
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*A dark opaque lid may help with browning the top of bread.
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[[Media:Greenhouse Enclosure Comparison February 2008.pdf|Read the report...]]
 
{{Clr}}
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===Clear or black cook pot top?===
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[[File:Steven Andrews pot top strip, 4-20-23.png|thumb|250px|Cook pot top painted black, retaining a clear strip to view the food, ''Photo credit: Stevens Andrews'']]
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{{NewApr23}}This has been of point of speculation among cooks using [[solar panel cookers]]. Each option has its benefits. Having a clear top means avoiding having to lift the lid, letting valuable heat and moisture escape, when checking on the food. This top probably works better with dishes like soups and stews where the heat is more easily evenly distributed within the pot.
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Black tops work better for bread baking. The baking dough receives some additional direct radiation heat gain from the black top, along with the internal heat. This allows baked goods to brown on top.
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*Steven Andrews came up with a clever alternative. Paint a clear top black with heat-resistant [[paint]], but first mask a {{Cm|2.54}} wide strip to retain a window to the food inside. Painting the top should provide at least some the benefits of a black metal top.
   
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It should be remembered that using a pane of either float or plate glass that is too thin runs the risk of breakage while handling or when cooking. Tempered glass, like that used in manufactured pot lids, is a better option. [https://glassdoctor.com/expert-tips/all-about-glass/float-glass Read more about glass properties]
''[Text for this article was taken from [http://solarcooking.org/kerr.htm The Expanding World of Solar Box Cooking] by [[Barbara Kerr]]]''
 
   
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===EuroSolarPot===
[[David Delaney]] recommends creating a "greenhouse pot" for solar panel cookers. Details can be found in the following articles:
 
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[[File:Euro_solar_pot1.jpg|thumb|300px|The EuroSolarPot (prototype ESP-28) is an innovation of [[Andrew Kotowski]]]]
* [http://davidmdelaney.com/intgrnhouse/conv-pot.htm Pot with Integrated Greenhouse for Solar Panel Cooker] - ''[[David Delaney]]''
 
 
Built by Andrew and Margot, the EuroSolarPot has been tested successfully in France and Poland. The pot is designed for use in [[solar panel cookers]], especially in the Nordic countries. Thanks to some greenhouse effect added by the clear lid, its thermal properties are improved compared to traditional solar pot without a greenhouse enclosure. Click [http://fr.solarcooking.wikia.com/wiki/EuroSolarPot here] for more information.
* [http://davidmdelaney.com/lidcompare/lidcompare.htm Comparison of Lids for Greenhouse Pots for Solar Panel Cookers] - ''[[David Delaney]]''
 
* [http://davidmdelaney.com/improvise-pot/improvise-pot.html Improvising a Greenhouse Pot for Solar Panel Cooking] - ''[[David Delaney]]''
 
   
 
==Tips and tricks==
 
==Tips and tricks==
 
<table><tr><td valign="top">[[Image:Wire_stand.jpg|thumb|none|240px|Dr. [[Steven Jones]] found that raising the pot on a wire frame improved cooking greatly when cooking in a [[Panel cooker]].]]</td>
 
<td valign="top">[[File:Glass_bowls_as_pot_stands.jpg|thumb|none|320px|Glass bowls and pie pans can be used to raise the pot off of the bottom of the cooker (note that the pot would normally be enclosed in an [[oven cooking bag]] when using a [[panel cooker]]). In some cases, they may provide more stability used upside-down.]]</td></tr>
 
<tr><td valign="top">[[Image:Alternative_covers.jpg|none|thumb|240px|Alternatives to plastic oven bag pot covers — L. to R. — Clear plastic/acrylic bowl (cheap seasonal purchase) over 4 qt. Pyrex bowl, straight-sided glass vase (from Michael's Craft Store) cover with candle-plate base (holds up to a half-gallon cooking jar), glass apothecary jar, plastic canister over glass candle-plate. In cold or windy conditions, solid pot covers give a definite advantage over oven bags.]]</td>
 
<td valign="top">[[File:Clear_casserole_cover_photo,_7-11.jpg|300px|thumb|none|A dark bowl placed inside a glass casserole dish works very well for solar cooking. No [[plastic bag]] is necessary.]]</td></tr>
 
<tr><td valign="top">[[File:Double_glass_bowl_enclosure_11-11.jpg|none|thumb|240px|A double Pyrex style bowl enclosure with clips.]]</td><td>[[File:Lightoven_iii_stacked_pots.jpg|thumb|none|300px|{{NewJun16}}In certain cookers, such as the [[Lightoven III]] shown here, pots can be stacked.]]</td></tr>
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<tr><td>[[File:Upside-down_lid_tip.jpg|thumb|none|250px|{{NewSep16}}When cooking with a pot that is only partially full, put the lid on upside-down. This moves the pot lid (heated by the sun) closer to the food. Im some cases, the upside-down lid will even be in contact with the food and will thus transfer the heat to the food even better.]]</td><td valign="top">[[File:Stacked_pots.jpg|thumb|none|300px|{{NewOct17}}Pots can also be stacked to allow more than one dish to cook at a time.]]</td></tr>
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<tr><td>[[File:Broiler pan w-lid photo, Shopie Brock, 6-24-21.png|thumb|none|250px|{{NewJul21}}[[Sophie Brock|Sophie Brock Lyman]] demonstrates her successful trial using a typical broiler pan to roast vegetables, with the drip tray as the lid.]]</td><td valign="top">[[File:The cook pot and greenhouse is ready to go. 11-29-21, Matteo Muccioli.png|none|275px|thumb|[[Matteo Muccioli]] has designed a cook pot/greenhouse 'bowl-in-bowl' combination for his [[Kimono Solar Cooker]], ''Photo credit: Matteo Muccioli'']]</td></tr>
   
<table><tr><td>[[Image:Wire_stand.jpg|thumb|none|240px|Dr. [[Steven Jones]] found that raising the pot on a wire frame improved cooking greatly when cooking in a [[Panel cooker]].]]</td>
 
<td>[[File:Glass_bowls_as_pot_stands.jpg|thumb|none|320px|Glass bowls and pie pans can be used to raise the pot off of the bottom of the cooker (note that the pot would normally be enclosed in an [[oven cooking bag]] when using a [[panel cooker]]). In some cases, they may provide more stability used upside-down.]]</td></tr>
 
<tr><td>[[Image:Alternative_covers.jpg|none|thumb|240px|Alternatives to plastic oven bag pot covers — L. to R. — Clear plastic/acrylic bowl (cheap seasonal purchase) over 4 qt. Pyrex bowl, straight-sided glass vase (from Michael's Craft Store) cover with candle-plate base (holds up to a half-gallon cooking jar), glass apothecary jar, plastic canister over glass candle-plate. In cold or windy conditions, solid pot covers give a definite advantage over oven bags.]]</td>
 
<td>[[File:Clear_casserole_cover_photo,_7-11.jpg|300px|thumb|none|A dark bowl placed inside a glass casserole dish works very well for solar cooking. No plastic bag is necessary.]]</td></tr>
 
<tr><td>[[File:Double_glass_bowl_enclosure_11-11.jpg|none|thumb|240px|A double Pyrex style bowl enclosure with clips.]]</td>
 
<td>[[File:Pot_stand,_Matthew_Rollins,_12-10-12.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Matthew Rollins]] has designed a collapsible pot stand to work with a cooking bag.]]</td></tr>
 
 
</table>
 
</table>
   
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==Pot risers==
==Cooking with reflective or colored pots==
 
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<gallery widths="290" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
[[File:NG_cooking_method_1.jpg|thumb|250px|The NG cooking method.]]
 
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Faustine Odaba wire pot riser, 7-3-14.jpg|[[Faustine Odaba]]'s wire pot riser made from coat hangers. ''Photo credit: Faustine Odaba''
 
Pot stand, Matthew Rollins, 12-10-12.jpg|[[Matthew Rollins]] has designed a collapsible pot stand to work with a cooking bag.
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</gallery>
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{{NewNov16}}'''November 2016:''' 
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<gallery widths="290" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
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SunLife pot carrying framework, 11-18-16.png|SunLife has developed a wood and wire pot carrying device ''Photo credit: Sunlife''
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SunLife pot holder with pot, 11-8-16.png|Pot scaffold shown with cook pot ''Photo credit: Sunlife''
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</gallery>
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[[SunLife]], working in [[Ghana]], has developed a simple wood and wire harness to elevate a cook pot, as well as, provide a way to lift the hot pot either with or without the cooking bag enclosure. The wire frame also maintains an efficient shape for the enclosure.
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==Covering reflective pots with a dark cloth==
 
[[File:NG_cooking_method_2.5.jpg|thumb|250px|The NG cooking method.]]
 
[[File:NG_cooking_method_2.5.jpg|thumb|250px|The NG cooking method.]]
 
When cookware with a black surface is not available, it may still be possible to effectively use reflective or colored cookware with your solar cooker. Basically, it involves using a black cloth to cover the cookware after placing it in the cooker. Place the cloth as close to the pot surface as possible to minimize heat loss. [[Neelaratna Geekiyanage]], from [[Sri Lanka]], reports that he has used this technique to cook, pasteurize water, and make copra from scraped coconut to extract high quality coconut oil. He calls it the NG method.
 
When cookware with a black surface is not available, it may still be possible to effectively use reflective or colored cookware with your solar cooker. Basically, it involves using a black cloth to cover the cookware after placing it in the cooker. Place the cloth as close to the pot surface as possible to minimize heat loss. [[Neelaratna Geekiyanage]], from [[Sri Lanka]], reports that he has used this technique to cook, pasteurize water, and make copra from scraped coconut to extract high quality coconut oil. He calls it the NG method.
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[[Image:Arezki_Harmim_finned_pot_2009.jpg|right|250px]]
 
[[Image:Arezki_Harmim_finned_pot_2009.jpg|right|250px]]
Finned pots: [[Arezki Harmim]] writes in February 2009: "Within the framework of a project of development and popularization of solar cooking in Algerian Sahara, registered in the program of the Unit of research in renewable energies in Saharan medium installed in Adrar (located at the south of Algeria), our team of research proposed the use of a finned cooking vessel with an aim of improving the solar cookers performances. Fins attached to the external surface of the cooking vessel increase the heat transfer surface area. This improves the heat transfer from the internal hot air of the cooker towards the interior of the vessel where the food to be cooked is placed. Indeed the various experimental tests carried out with the help of a double exposure solar cooker and a finned cooking vessel showed that there is a clear reduction of the cooking time in comparison with the same cooker tested under the same conditions but with an ordinary cooking vessel. The same results were also recorded with a simple box type solar cooker. An example of the finned cooking vessel is shown in the figure."
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*Finned pots: [[Arezki Harmim]] writes in February 2009: "Within the framework of a project of development and popularization of solar cooking in Algerian Sahara, registered in the program of the Unit of research in renewable energies in Saharan medium installed in Adrar (located at the south of Algeria), our team of research proposed the use of a finned cooking vessel with an aim of improving the solar cookers performances. Fins attached to the external surface of the cooking vessel increase the heat transfer surface area. This improves the heat transfer from the internal hot air of the cooker towards the interior of the vessel where the food to be cooked is placed. Indeed the various experimental tests carried out with the help of a double exposure solar cooker and a finned cooking vessel showed that there is a clear reduction of the cooking time in comparison with the same cooker tested under the same conditions but with an ordinary cooking vessel. The same results were also recorded with a simple box type solar cooker. An example of the finned cooking vessel is shown in the figure."{{clr}}
  +
[[Image:Cookingpot.JPG|thumb|300px|left|Here, a blackened coffee can with a glass cover is used as a pot. Under ideal conditions cooking can be done without a glass or plastic enclosure.]]
 
 
===Jar-in-jar cooking chamber===
{{clr}}
 
 
[[File:Glass_jar_cooking_chmaber,_Bernhard_Müller,_10-7-13.jpg|thumb|200px|Glass jar inside of another glass jar cooking chamber]]
 
[[Bernhard Müller]] has created a small cooking chamber and pot combination by inserting a black painted glass jar, with metal top, inside of a slightly larger clear glass jar with a similar top. The two metal tops should be either riveted or screwed together with stainless screws.
  +
 
An extremely important feature is to punch a pressure relief hole through both tops. Without it, there is danger of explosion if the lids are sealed too tightly. Care should be taken when cooking with glass jars to avoid accidental breakage. Some jars, like the Mason style used for food canning, are made with heavier glass than is typically used in commercial food sales. While stronger, it does not compare to the strength of Pyrex cookware. The inner jar painted black will become quite hot.{{clr}}
  +
  +
===Blackened coffee can with glass lid===
 
[[Image:Cookingpot.JPG|thumb|250px|none|Here, a blackened coffee can with a glass cover is used as a pot. Under ideal conditions cooking can be done without a [[Glazing|glass or plastic enclosure]].]]
   
==Build your own HotPot bowl==
+
===Build your own HotPot bowl===
 
[[File:HotPot_homemade1.jpg|right|300px]][[File:HotPot_homemade2.jpg|right|300px]]
 
[[File:HotPot_homemade1.jpg|right|300px]][[File:HotPot_homemade2.jpg|right|300px]]
 
A few creative solar enthusiasts have been working on ideas to make a [[HotPot]] bowl that is inexpensive and easy to use. They incorporate a black pot inside of a larger Pyrex style bowl and lid with an insulated handle. As seen in photos, the addition of a wooden spacer ring has helped provide a seal between pots of slightly different sizes.
 
A few creative solar enthusiasts have been working on ideas to make a [[HotPot]] bowl that is inexpensive and easy to use. They incorporate a black pot inside of a larger Pyrex style bowl and lid with an insulated handle. As seen in photos, the addition of a wooden spacer ring has helped provide a seal between pots of slightly different sizes.
Line 98: Line 143:
 
{{clr}}
 
{{clr}}
   
==Research needed==
+
==Reports==
  +
*{{NewApr20}}'''January 2020:''' [[Media:Experimental determination of the thermal performance of a solar box cooker with a modified cooking pot - Atul Sagade, et al.pdf|Experimental determination of the thermal performance of a solar box cooker with a modified cooking pot]] - ''[[Atul Sagade]]''
  +
*{{NewMar19}}'''March 2019:''' [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-019-08134-7 Soot-based coatings for solar cookers] - ''H. Servín-Campuzano, et al''
 
*'''January 2010:''' [http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-30-0-000-10-Web/JHE-30-3-000-2010-Abst-PDF/JHE-30-3-197-10-1755-Kaushik-V/JHE-30-3-197-10-1755-Kaushik-V-Tt.pdf Efficacy of Stainless Steel as Cooking Utensil Material for Solar Cooking] - ''Vandana Kaushik and Ranju Bala''
  +
*{{NewDec20}}'''February 2017:''' [http://www.she-inc.org/?page_id=2776 Preliminary work on gasket making for cooking pots] - ''[[Solar Household Energy]]''
  +
*{{NewOct20}}'''February 2008:''' [[Media:Greenhouse Enclosure Comparison February 2008.pdf|Greenhouse enclosure comparisons]] - ''[[Teong Tan]]''
  +
*{{NewJun16}}'''October 2001:''' [http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/publications/html/FSEC-CR-1283-01/index.htm An Analysis of Greenhouse Cookpot Design Considerations For Low-Cost Solar Cookers] - ''[[Florida Solar Energy Center]]''
   
 
*[http://solarcooking.org/research/stackedpots.htm Experimenting with stacked pots]
*[[File:Clear_lid_vs_black_lid_with_bag_-_Teong_Tan.jpg|thumb|none|400px|[[Teong Tan]] found that a black pot with a clear lid without a plastic bag (left) heated faster than a normal dark pot with a dark lid inside a plastic bag (right). See [[Media:Greenhouse_Enclosure_Comparison_February_2008.pdf|Greenhouse enclosure comparisons]]]]
 
   
  +
==Audio and video==
*SCI has been sent a calculation by a scientist in Argentina who has calculated that evacuating the space between the two bowls supplied with the [[HotPot]] solar cooker would result in 60% better cooking performance. See: [http://www.greenjoyment.com/solar-cookers/solar-heated-water-create-make-solar-evacuated-tube.html Create your own evacuated vacuum tube]
 
  +
*{{NewAug23}}'''July 2023:''' Using a black or shiny stainless steel cooking pot
*[[Topics needing research|Other topics needing research]]
 
  +
::[[File:S2A4 Daniel Feuermann (Israel)- Are stainless steel pots suitable for solarcooking?|400px|none|thumb]]
   
  +
*{{NewMay20}}'''May 2020:''' Cooking with multiple pots stack on each other:
==Buying pots==
 
  +
{{FBVideo|https://www.facebook.com/scott.rundle.92/videos/3491166360899968/}}
[[File:3-liter_roaster.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Inexpensive solar cooking pots can be [http://shop.solarcookers.org/?pn=3+Lb+Roaster&cn=Accessories&p=622&c=30 ordered online] from [[Solar Cookers International]].]]
 
{{clr}}
 
[[File:Stansport_Enamel_4_qt._pot_10-25-11.jpg..jpg|200px|thumb|Stansport Enamel 4 qt. pot]]
 
*Inspired by traditional Graniteware, the Stansport GSI Enamelware blends old-fashioned charm and functionality into one sturdy package. Plus, three-ply construction maximizes heat distribution for even cooking. [http://www.google.com/products/catalog?q=enamelware%20%2Bpot&oe=utf-8&rls=org.mozilla%3Aen-US%3Aofficial&client=firefox-a&um=1&ie=UTF-8&tbm=shop&cid=14369947444426596709&sa=X&ei=b6ZaTq3jBYvXiAKj1pyvCQ&ved=0CE0Q8wIwAA purchase locations]
 
 
==Reports==
 
*[http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JHE/JHE-30-0-000-10-Web/JHE-30-3-000-2010-Abst-PDF/JHE-30-3-197-10-1755-Kaushik-V/JHE-30-3-197-10-1755-Kaushik-V-Tt.pdf Efficacy of Stainless Steel as Cooking Utensil Material for Solar Cooking]
 
   
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 
 
*[[Paint]]
 
*[[Paint]]
 
*[[Jar lids]]
 
*[[Jar lids]]
 
*[[Pressure cookers]]
 
*[[Pressure cookers]]
  +
*[[Solar canning]]
*[http://solarcooking.org/research/stackedpots.htm Experimenting with stacked pots]
 
  +
*[[Glazing]]
  +
*[[:Category:Materials|Other components of a solar cooker]]
 
[[Category:Materials]]
 
[[Category:Materials]]
 
[[Category:Research]]
 
[[Category:Research]]

Latest revision as of 17:34, 24 August 2023

Searchbox
Last edited: 24 August 2023      
Haines-dutchoven

Dark-color pots with a dark or clear lid work best

The best solar cooking pots are typically made of thin, dark metal with a lid. Pots with polished finishes, which reflect light away from the pot instead of absorbing it should be avoided. Unless you're cooking with a parabolic solar cooker where the light is being focused on the bottom of the pot, it's very important to use dark-colored pots that absorb light and transform it into heat.

Clear pots will also work, especially with dark colored food ingredients, and pot lids can be either dark or clear. It is important to always cook with the lid in place so that the moisture from the food doesn't escape and fog the plastic bag or other glazing.

The material that the pot is made from will also affect how quickly it heats up and how well it retains the heat. Here are a few points to keep in mind:

  • Pots made from thin material heat faster than thicker ones
  • Metal pots will heat faster than ceramic or earthenware
  • Cast iron is slow to heat initially, but will hold heat better than thinner metals. Cast iron should be preheated in the cooker and be used during good solar cooking conditions, as it requires strong sunlight to achieve the best results
  • Foil is not generally recommended to wrap food for solar cooking because shiny foil insulates by reflecting sunlight and heat away from the food.

Ideally, the pot/cooker combination should be able to cook a large enough meal to feed the entire family, which can have many members in some cultures. Some introductory projects have not succeeded because the amount of food cooked was not enough to meet the needs of the families who participated.

Glass jars[]

Solar_cooking_food_in_jars_to_put_in_solar_ovens

Solar cooking food in jars to put in solar ovens

Solar cooking with glass jars

Glass jars make good pots either clear or painted out the outside. They may cook slightly better darkened. Also, darkening the outside of food containers will protect some of the B Vitamins. When painting the jars, a strip of masking tape placed from top to bottom before painting can be removed when the paint is dry to leave a tidy strip of clear glass for visual inspection of the inside.

When using jars for cooking, make a hole in the lid of any non-canning jar, such as mayonnaise jars, peanut butter jars, etc., to prevent steam buildup. Dome and ring canning jar lids that are designed for food preservation automatically release excess steam pressure yet are safe only when used on canning strength, food preservation jars. The thickness and strength of non-canning glass jars is not intended to take the strain of steam under pressure and could break explosively unless vented.

Earthenware pots[]

Some low-fired earthenware pots do not initially cook well, although dark colored and hard-fired earthenware pots with glazing work very well. Perhaps the poor performance of some earthenware is due to liquid soaking through and evaporating on the outside, or perhaps it is due to the thickness and porous nature of low-fired clay pot sides. Experimentally, in the efforts to use low-fired, unglazed earthenware, the goal has been to approximate the hard-fired pots by filling the pores and to providing a form of glazing. On a homecraft basis, this has been done by saturating the pot with food-type oil, fat or natural resin which both closes the pores and changes the surface. Oil also will conduct heat rather well and this may be part of what improves cooking in low-fired, earthenware pots following oil treatment. Light colored earthenware needs to be darkened on the outside only, perhaps by rubbing a dark food, nontoxic dark powder or soot from clean wood into the oil coating. Even so, there may be forms of low fired earthenware that are difficult to use.

Paints to use[]

Main article: Paint

Buying pots[]

3 qt

The classic 3 qt. Granite Ware cook pot

  • The classic Granite Ware 3 qt. cook pot with lid, which fits nicely inside of two 3 qt. clear Pyrex bowls, is available on Amazon intermittently. To use the Pyrex bowls as a greenhouse enclosure, avoid the 3 qt. pots with side handles. As of 4/27/23, the 3 qt. Granite Ware covered pot is available on Amazon again. It is advertised as a 3 lb. capacity pot, but matches the dimensions of the classic 3 qt. pot.
  • It can be difficult finding smaller covered cook pots in a Graniteware option. A dark colored covered bread pan size has been found from a Hong Kong vendor. Note that this pot has three small holes in the bottom of it apparently to allow steam to escape while baking bread. It is available in quantities of 50+ from Banggood.

Pot lids[]

Pot lids can be homemade by turning the pot upside down on a flattened piece of metal and drawing an outline. Cut the metal about ¼ inch (.6 cm) outside the line. File or sand the sharp edges to dull the cut surfaces and protect the fingers. This may be done simply by rubbing a rock along the cuts. Working regularly around the lid piece with pliers, bend the edge down at the line. Sometimes the fluting looks nice. If necessary, cut from the edge into the line to allow the pieces of edge to overlap. Darken the outside of the lid and heat it for several hours before using it with food. Temporary lids made be made by the same method using a brown paper bag and creasing the paper at the line. These also need to be heated alone for several hours before being used with food. Sometimes small holes are punched in a lid to allow moisture to escape and produce a drier crust on foods such as breads or breadcrumb toppings, cakes and cookies.

Nutritional research in great detail has been done by Professor George Hammons and others at Philander Smith College in Little Rock, Arkansas, USA. After analysis of many different nutrients in food cooked equal times by conventional methods and by solar box cookers using dark pots with lids they concluded that solar cooked foods retained nutrition as well as or better than foods cooked by conventional methods in spite of the longer cooking times required.

Painting pots black

Metal pots can be painted black for use in a solar cooker.

Clear lids[]

Clear lid vs black lid with bag - Teong Tan

Teong Tan found that a black pot with a clear lid without a plastic bag (left) heated faster than a normal dark pot with a dark lid inside a plastic bag (right). See Greenhouse enclosure comparisons.

Teong Tan did side-by-side controlled tests using various pot/glazing configurations. What was not expected was that the pot with a clear glass lid had outperformed the pot with a metal lid plus oven bag. He states that this could be due to:

  • The metal lid had prevented sunlight from reaching the inside of the pot, where it mattered the most.
  • The downward conduction and convection of heat, from the hot metal lid to the lower part of the pot, were not efficient.
  • The amount of sunlight coming in from the top was significant, and this had helped to rapidly raise the temperature of the pot with the clear glass lid.
  • A dark opaque lid may help with browning the top of bread.

Read the report...

Clear or black cook pot top?[]

Steven Andrews pot top strip, 4-20-23

Cook pot top painted black, retaining a clear strip to view the food, Photo credit: Stevens Andrews

This has been of point of speculation among cooks using solar panel cookers. Each option has its benefits. Having a clear top means avoiding having to lift the lid, letting valuable heat and moisture escape, when checking on the food. This top probably works better with dishes like soups and stews where the heat is more easily evenly distributed within the pot.

Black tops work better for bread baking. The baking dough receives some additional direct radiation heat gain from the black top, along with the internal heat. This allows baked goods to brown on top.

  • Steven Andrews came up with a clever alternative. Paint a clear top black with heat-resistant paint, but first mask a 2.54 cm (1 in) wide strip to retain a window to the food inside. Painting the top should provide at least some the benefits of a black metal top.

It should be remembered that using a pane of either float or plate glass that is too thin runs the risk of breakage while handling or when cooking. Tempered glass, like that used in manufactured pot lids, is a better option. Read more about glass properties

EuroSolarPot[]

Euro solar pot1

The EuroSolarPot (prototype ESP-28) is an innovation of Andrew Kotowski

Built by Andrew and Margot, the EuroSolarPot has been tested successfully in France and Poland. The pot is designed for use in solar panel cookers, especially in the Nordic countries. Thanks to some greenhouse effect added by the clear lid, its thermal properties are improved compared to traditional solar pot without a greenhouse enclosure. Click here for more information.

Tips and tricks[]

Wire stand

Dr. Steven Jones found that raising the pot on a wire frame improved cooking greatly when cooking in a Panel cooker.

Glass bowls as pot stands

Glass bowls and pie pans can be used to raise the pot off of the bottom of the cooker (note that the pot would normally be enclosed in an oven cooking bag when using a panel cooker). In some cases, they may provide more stability used upside-down.

Alternative covers

Alternatives to plastic oven bag pot covers — L. to R. — Clear plastic/acrylic bowl (cheap seasonal purchase) over 4 qt. Pyrex bowl, straight-sided glass vase (from Michael's Craft Store) cover with candle-plate base (holds up to a half-gallon cooking jar), glass apothecary jar, plastic canister over glass candle-plate. In cold or windy conditions, solid pot covers give a definite advantage over oven bags.

Clear casserole cover photo, 7-11

A dark bowl placed inside a glass casserole dish works very well for solar cooking. No plastic bag is necessary.

Double glass bowl enclosure 11-11

A double Pyrex style bowl enclosure with clips.

Lightoven iii stacked pots

In certain cookers, such as the Lightoven III shown here, pots can be stacked.

Upside-down lid tip

When cooking with a pot that is only partially full, put the lid on upside-down. This moves the pot lid (heated by the sun) closer to the food. Im some cases, the upside-down lid will even be in contact with the food and will thus transfer the heat to the food even better.

Stacked pots

Pots can also be stacked to allow more than one dish to cook at a time.

Broiler pan w-lid photo, Shopie Brock, 6-24-21

Sophie Brock Lyman demonstrates her successful trial using a typical broiler pan to roast vegetables, with the drip tray as the lid.

The cook pot and greenhouse is ready to go

Matteo Muccioli has designed a cook pot/greenhouse 'bowl-in-bowl' combination for his Kimono Solar Cooker, Photo credit: Matteo Muccioli

Pot risers[]

November 2016: 

SunLife, working in Ghana, has developed a simple wood and wire harness to elevate a cook pot, as well as, provide a way to lift the hot pot either with or without the cooking bag enclosure. The wire frame also maintains an efficient shape for the enclosure.

Covering reflective pots with a dark cloth[]

NG cooking method 2

The NG cooking method.

When cookware with a black surface is not available, it may still be possible to effectively use reflective or colored cookware with your solar cooker. Basically, it involves using a black cloth to cover the cookware after placing it in the cooker. Place the cloth as close to the pot surface as possible to minimize heat loss. Neelaratna Geekiyanage, from Sri Lanka, reports that he has used this technique to cook, pasteurize water, and make copra from scraped coconut to extract high quality coconut oil. He calls it the NG method.

Some alternative cooking pots[]

  • Smoked-glass casserole dishes. Pyrex makes a low-cost model available for $5 - $10 in stores in the US.
  • Rough up glass jars with sandpaper and paint these black. Use masking tape to leave one clear strip for viewing.
  • Cook in gourds with a small sheet of glass for a lid.
  • Put shiny pots in a brown paper sack.
  • Paint a shallow cake pan black and fashion a lid from a sheet of black-painted aluminum flashing with its edges folded down.
  • Buy dark baking pans in matched pairs and use one upside-down as a lid for the other. Metal binder clips of the right size—medium to large range, depending on the pan rims—work well for holding them securely together.
Arezki Harmim finned pot 2009
  • Finned pots: Arezki Harmim writes in February 2009: "Within the framework of a project of development and popularization of solar cooking in Algerian Sahara, registered in the program of the Unit of research in renewable energies in Saharan medium installed in Adrar (located at the south of Algeria), our team of research proposed the use of a finned cooking vessel with an aim of improving the solar cookers performances. Fins attached to the external surface of the cooking vessel increase the heat transfer surface area. This improves the heat transfer from the internal hot air of the cooker towards the interior of the vessel where the food to be cooked is placed. Indeed the various experimental tests carried out with the help of a double exposure solar cooker and a finned cooking vessel showed that there is a clear reduction of the cooking time in comparison with the same cooker tested under the same conditions but with an ordinary cooking vessel. The same results were also recorded with a simple box type solar cooker. An example of the finned cooking vessel is shown in the figure."

Jar-in-jar cooking chamber[]

Glass jar cooking chmaber, Bernhard Müller, 10-7-13

Glass jar inside of another glass jar cooking chamber

Bernhard Müller has created a small cooking chamber and pot combination by inserting a black painted glass jar, with metal top, inside of a slightly larger clear glass jar with a similar top. The two metal tops should be either riveted or screwed together with stainless screws.

An extremely important feature is to punch a pressure relief hole through both tops. Without it, there is danger of explosion if the lids are sealed too tightly. Care should be taken when cooking with glass jars to avoid accidental breakage. Some jars, like the Mason style used for food canning, are made with heavier glass than is typically used in commercial food sales. While stronger, it does not compare to the strength of Pyrex cookware. The inner jar painted black will become quite hot.

Blackened coffee can with glass lid[]

Cookingpot

Here, a blackened coffee can with a glass cover is used as a pot. Under ideal conditions cooking can be done without a glass or plastic enclosure.

Build your own HotPot bowl[]

HotPot homemade1
HotPot homemade2

A few creative solar enthusiasts have been working on ideas to make a HotPot bowl that is inexpensive and easy to use. They incorporate a black pot inside of a larger Pyrex style bowl and lid with an insulated handle. As seen in photos, the addition of a wooden spacer ring has helped provide a seal between pots of slightly different sizes.

Candidates for components include:

  • Pyrex® Sculptured 4-3/4-qt Bowl
  • Pyrex® 2-qt Casserole w/ Cover <--(only large one sold w/cover)
  • Pyrex® 4-qt Mixing Bowl
  • Granite Ware 4 quart beanpot
  • Granite Ware 4 Quart Stockpot with Steamer Insert
  • Granite Ware 4 Quart Covered Sauce Pot
  • Global Sun Oven, Granite Ware, Enamel, 3-quart Pot


Reports[]

Audio and video[]

  • July 2023: Using a black or shiny stainless steel cooking pot
S2A4_Daniel_Feuermann_(Israel)-_Are_stainless_steel_pots_suitable_for_solarcooking?

S2A4 Daniel Feuermann (Israel)- Are stainless steel pots suitable for solarcooking?

  • May 2020: Cooking with multiple pots stack on each other:


See also[]