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{{CountryPageHeader|Vajra_Foundation_Nepal_2013_multiple.jpg|Bhutanese refugees demonstrating [[parabolic solar cooker]]s in [[Nepal]].]]
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More than 85,000 refugees from [[Bhutan]] solar cooked their meals in a [[Beldangi Refugee Camp|refugee camp]] in Nepal. The [[Vajra Foundation Holland]] (Stichting Vajra) has worked in the Bhutanese [[refugee camps]] in Nepal since 1995 to bring solar cooking and [[heat-retention cooking]] to the refugees there. By 2013 some 85,000 refugees were cooking their meals using these methods. The on-the-ground work was done by [[Vajra Foundation Nepal]] and the financing is provided by the Dutch Lottery and the Dutch NGO [[Stichting Vluchteling]].}}
 
==Events==
 
==Events==
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{{NepalEvents}}
See [[Calendar of events]]
 
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{{CalendarAndPastEvents}}
==News and Recent Developments==
 
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=={{HeadingNews}}==
[[File:Nepal_solar_project_1.jpg|300px|thumb|Solar cookers in the Himilayas]]
 
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<gallery widths="400" position-"right" spacing="small" hideaddbutton="true" type="slideshow">
[[File:Nepal_solar_project_2.jpg|300px|thumb|Solar cookers in the Himilayas]]
 
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Little Stars e.V. 1, 3-13-24.png|''Photo credit: Little Stars e.V.''
*'''July 2010:''' Exodus travel group has managed to install several [[parabolic solar cooker]]s in the Himalayas, at the gateway to the Everest region. An effort to help promote sustainability and provide a step towards limiting deforestation. [http://www.exodus.co.uk/responsible-travel/our-projects/nepal-projects/solar-cooker-project More Information and photos...]
 
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Little Stars e.V. 2, 3-13-24.png
[[Image:Sanu_Kaji_award_2007.jpg|right|300px|thumb|Sanu Kaji Shrestha and FoST promote several types of solar cookers, as well as fuel-efficient stoves that burn special briquettes made from agricultural and industrial waste.]]
 
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Little Stars e.V. 3, 3-13-24.png
*'''March 2008:''' The BBC’s annual World Challenge competition honors individuals and organizations that make a difference through enterprise and innovation at a grassroots level. The top 12 projects were promoted on the television program BBC World and in Newsweek magazine, followed by a public voting period. Solar cooker promoter [[Sanu Kaji]] reports that his organization, [[Foundation for Sustainable Technologies]] (FoST), was a top three finalist, winning $10,000 for its Cooking Without Gas project. The project was selected over nearly 1,000 others. Kaji Shrestha is grateful for the votes and support from the solar cooking community. In a letter to [[Solar Cookers International]], he wrote, “Part of the credit goes to you and your solar cooking network for lobbying, and untiring support in our efforts.” Congratulations to Kaji Shrestha and FoST for this well-deserved honor!
 
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Little Stars e.V. 4, 3-13-24.png
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Little Stars e.V. 5, 3-13-24.png
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Little Stars e.V. 6, 3-13-24.png
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</gallery>
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*{{NewMar24}}'''March 2024:''' [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]], the founder of [[Foundation for Sustainable Technologies]] in [[Nepal]], reports the organization, Little Stars e.V., has provided [[parabolic solar cooker]]s, [[briquette]] presses, and [[Heat-retention cooking|heat-retention baskets]] to 10 families in Nepal, helping to offset the lack of available [[Fuelwood|firewood]] for cooking. More solar cooker packages will be made available for families if the pilot project is successful. ''Click through the attached gallery to see photos.''
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[[File:Allart Ligtenberg award photo, 11-10-22.png|thumb|400px|[[Allart Ligtenberg]] award ceremony for the Service-Above-Self Award from Rotory International - ''Photo credit: Charles Lindauer/Rotary Club of Los Altos'']]
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*{{NewNov22}}'''November 2022: Service-Above-Self Award''' - [[Allart Ligtenberg]] received this recognition from [https://portal.clubrunner.ca/4000/sitepage/rotary-international-overview Rotory International] of Los Altos, CA, USA. With his wife, Ineke, he has repeatedly visited [[Nepal]] to share their knowledge of solar cooking. Through the years, they have made available hundreds of solar cookers to the countries' rural poor.
   
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*{{NewJul22}}'''July 2022: Student training in Swostishree Gurukul, Nepal''' - Students of Grade -VIII attended an experimental and hands-on training session on ' Sustainable solutions of ever-growing energy and environmental crises in Nepal' organized by Foundation for Sustainable Technology at Thamel, Kathmandu. Managing Director Mina Maharjan herself, two teachers and twenty students benefitted from the session. Green technology entrepreneur and innovator Sanu Kaji Shrestha and his team of experts facilitated the session. We were delighted to know that the kind organizers had prepared the snacks that was served to us in green energy instead of fossil fuel. By the end of the session, participants gained theoretical and hands on skill and knowledge under the following technologies: solar cooking, solar cooker construction, solar water pasteurizing, solar drying, fuel-efficient stoves, heat-retention cookers, biomass briquettes, biochar, Waste management, and soilless gardening. The organizers also gifted a souvenir to each of the participant, which was made from the waste.
*'''December 2007:''' [[FoST]] of Nepal is one of the 3 finalists in the [http://www.theworldchallenge.co.uk/ World Challenge 2007]! As runner up FoST has won $10.000 in the global competition organized by BBC World, Shell and Newsweek.
 
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::<gallery widths="300" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
 
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Fost student training 1, 7-7-22.png|Students hear from [[FoST]] founder [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]] about the many aspects of sustainable cooking - ''Photo credit: FoST''
*'''July 2007:''' [[Foundation for Sustainable Technology]] (FoST) celebrated its fifth anniversary in April. FoST designs, develops and disseminates low-cost, adaptable products that improve the quality of life of Nepal’s rural and urban poor. FoST is among 12 finalists, selected from a pool of nearly 950 applicants, for the "World Challenge 2007." The selected FOST project is called "Cooking without Gas" and is summarized on the [[World Challenge]] Web site as follows: "In 1995, [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]] ran out of cooking gas. So too did nearly everyone else in Kathmandu, as a countrywide shortage set in. Demand was so great Sanu had to take three days off work to queue up for more fuel. This first-hand experience of his country’s dependence on external energy supplies set Sanu thinking. He began to look into sustainable energy technologies for the domestic market, researching existing designs and adapting them for the Nepalese market. In 2001 he retired from his day job to concentrate on bringing low-cost, high-efficiency energy technologies to Nepal’s rural and urban poor. Measures developed to date include simple yet ingenious solar cookers and briquette presses to make smokeless fuel from waste materials." The World Challenge competition honors individuals and organizations that make a difference through enterprise and innovation at a grassroots level. The finalists will be featured on BBC World television and in Newsweek magazine. The winner will receive a $20,000 prize. An excellent new documentary film by Gorp Productions showcases the work being done by FOST, with a focus on its efforts to promote smokeless briquette cook stoves and solar cookers. The film can be viewed on the [http://www.gorpproductions.com/fostvideo.html Gorp Productions Web site], and is available for purchase in DVD format directly from FOST.
 
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Fost student training 2, 7-7-22.png|A [[parabolic solar cooker]] is demonstrated to the students - ''Photo credit: FoST''
*'''April 2007:''' The government of Nepal has adopted a rural energy policy aimed at reducing rural poverty and protecting the environment. The government hopes to encourage local organizations, nongovernmental organizations and cooperatives to develop a variety of new energy sources such as micro hydro, wind and solar. According to solar cooking promoter [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]], the government has recently increased its subsidy for some parabolic-type solar cookers to 4000 rupees per unit, while there also is a 50% subsidy on some solar box cookers. However, he says it is difficult to fulfill the government’s criteria for receiving subsidies. He estimates there are about 2500 solar cookers distributed in rural communities so far.
 
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File:Fost student training 3, 7-7-22.png|Students discuss the sustainability concepts - ''Photo credit: FoST''
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[[File:Nepalese group watch solar cooker, SCI, 6-10-21 copy.jpg|thumb|350px|Nepalese citizens receive training in using a [[:Category:Parabolic solar cooker designs|parabolic solar cooker]]. ''Photo credit: [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]]'']]
*'''November 2006:''' [http://solarcooking.org/newsletters/scrnov06.htm#Bhutanese_refugees Ten years on, nearly 100,000 Bhutanese refugees going solar]
 
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*{{NewJun21}}'''June 2021: Solar cookers and sustainable cooking equipment distributed in Nepal''' - With assistance from [[Solar Cookers International]], approximately 300 people from especially vulnerable groups from communities in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavre, Okhaldhunga, and Solukhumbu districts have received solar cookers, solar dryers, heat-retention boxes, and water pasteurization and safety equipment, as well as the necessary training. These locations in [[Nepal]] have limited local resources, and the new appliances help the recipients be better prepared for the challenges facing their communities. Read more in the [https://www.solarcookers.org/resources/download/newsletters SCI Summer 2021 Newsletter]
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*{{NewJan20}}'''January 2020:'''
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::[[File:FoST_January_2020.jpg|thumb|none|300px|Orientation and live-demonstration of the green energy technologies organized for Seven Women groups from [[Australia]] today by [[FoST]].]]
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*{{NewNov19}}'''August 2019:''' 
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::[[File:FoST_at_Akshar_Foundation_-_August_2019.jpg|thumb|none|300px|A group photo of the students, teachers and parents in Akshar Foundation after a training by [[FoST]]]]
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*{{NewJan18}}'''January 2018:''' The [[Foundation for Sustainable Technologies]](FoST) successfully completed two days of exhibitions (3rd and 4th Dec.) on green energy technologies at [[Nepal]]'s biggest consumer center, Kalimati Vegetable Market in Kathmandu. Their two objectives were to convert energy sources available in the market complex into [[Biomass briquette|fuel cakes]] and tap solar energy for cooking food items and water boiling. They supplied boiled water to the doctors in the free health camp, and tea and snacks to the fifty people involved in the camp, which was jointly organized by the Lions and Leo Clubs, Women Empowerment Group, and Cooperatives.
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::<gallery widths="300" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
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FoST-3.jpg|FoST demonstrates [[Biomass briquette|biomass briquette]] construction and the varied use for solar cookers. ''Photo credit: FoST''
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FoST-1.jpg|FoST at the Kalimati Vegetable Market in Kathmandu ''Photo credit: FoST''
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*{{NewNov17}}'''November 2017:''' A [[FoST]] demonstration of solar and sustainable technologies took place on 16 October 2017 for the students and teachers of the Kathmandu International Study Center, Dhobighat, Kathmandu, [[Nepal]].
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::<gallery widths="250" spacing="small"hideaddbutton="true">
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Enjoying with solar cooker.jpg|Exploring the parabolic solar cooker - ''Photo credit: FoST''
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KISC students and teachers, FoST, 11-28-17.png|Students and teachers at FoST - ''Photo credit: FoST''
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KISC students testing the heat in solar cooker.jpg|Students feel the heat of the solar cooker - ''Photo credit: FoST''
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</gallery>
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*{{NewMay17}}'''May 2017:''' '''Contribute your data: Drive solar cooking results''' - Solar cooking contributes to long-term progress from cleaner, more efficient, sustainable cooking solutions worldwide. It is crucial to convey the positive health, economic, and environmental impacts of solar cooking to government agencies and other stakeholders. To help build this case, SCI is reaching out to all solar cooking partners. SCI invites your input in the form of data on baseline information, number and type of solar cookers, number of years of the project, location, outcomes, etc. With your help, we can work to include solar-thermal cooking in national energy and sustainability plans. You provide:
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::*Number of solar cookers
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::*Type
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::*Location
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::*Time period
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::*Distributed
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::*Sold
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::*Manufactured
   
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:Submit your solar cooking data by filling out the [https://www.solarcookers.org/work/capacity/distribution-solar-cookers simple form] on the Solar Cookers International website or email [mailto:info@solarcookers.org info@solarcookers.org]. Please submit to SCI by 1 June 2017.
*'''March 2006:''' The [[Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal]] is promoting solar cooker use by lodge owners and other entities involved in eco-tourism. With support from [[Germany]]-based [[Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy]], 200 [[SK-14]] parabolic solar cookers will be distributed in the country, reducing energy expenses and promoting the use of solar energy through eco-tourism. ''Contact: [[Ganesh Ram Shrestha]]''
 
   
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[[File:FOST_Locally_made_box_cooker,1-26-17_.png|thumb|300px|Locally produced [[solar box cookers]] in FOST introductory project for the Lalitpur district. ''Photo credit: FOST'']]
*'''March 2006:''' [[Vajra Foundation Nepal]] (VFN), in partnership with United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ([[UNHCR]]), will receive over $850,000 from Dutch Postcode Lottery to expand its solar cooker program to six additional Bhutanese refugee camps. VFN’s first project, launched in 1998, has benefited over 2,000 families in Beldangi refugee camp. The expanded program will allow refugees to make nearly 7,500 solar cookers, to be used on a shared basis by over 14,000 families. Each family will also receive two cooking pots and a [[Heat-retention cooking|retained-heat cooker]]. [[Stichting Vluchteling]] and [[Vajra Foundation Holland]] helped procure funds.
 
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*{{NewJan17}}'''January 2017: Projects for the Lalitpur district''' - The Foundation for Sustainable Technologies, working with the SCI 4th Grant Program, have begun programs in the Devichour VDC and Panauti communities. Previously dependent on biogas and [[fuelwood]]. Both are rural villages. The projects are using both Chinese-made [[parabolic solar cooker]]s and locally produced [[solar box cookers]].
   
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[[File:FoST_parabolics_at_Tek_Chok_Ling_Nunnery,_Bauda,_Nepal,_1-4-17.png|thumb|300px|[[FoST]] representatives demonstrated [[parabolic solar cooker]]s at the Tek Chok Ling Nunnery School in Baudha, [[Nepal]]. ''Photo credit: [[FoST]]'']]
==Climate, Culture, and Special Considerations==
 
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*{{NewJan17}}'''January 2017: Parabolic solar cookers demonstrated in Baudha''' - [[FoST]] founder [[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]], with assistance from Kriti, demonstrated and provided [[parabolic solar cooker]]s to the Tek Chok Ling Nunnery School in Baudha, [[Nepal]]. They boiled twelve liters of water and 12kg(26.4lbs) of potatoes in four hours for appreciative nuns. They project the nunnery can expect to save 30-40% of their gas consumption with continued consistent use of the solar cookers.
   
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[[File:SCI-FoST_Nepal_2016_training,_8-10-16.png|thumb|300px|A group of single women participate in a 2-day solar cooking workshop in Kathmandu Valley, [[Nepal]] ''Photo credit: Kriti Shrestha'']]
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*{{NewAug16}}'''August 2016: Solar cookers help to empower local women''' - [[Solar Cookers International]] helped to coordinate a 2-day training project for single women, local leaders, and the community hospital in the use of solar cookers in Kathmandu Valley, [[Nepal]]. Solar cooking can free the women from hours of fatigue, drudgery, and danger while collecting [[firewood]]. Thirty [[parabolic solar cooker]]s and seven [[solar dryer]]s were distributed as part of the project. A single mother whose solar cooker was damaged in the 2015 earthquake has been able to reopen her 4-table solar-cooker-powered restaurant with assistance from SCI and project partner, [[FoST]] in Nepal.
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{{OldNewsLink}}
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=={{HeadingClimateCulture}}==
 
[[Solar Cookers International]] has rated Nepal as the #12 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: [[Media:25_countries_with_most_solar_cooking_potential.pdf|The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential]]). The estimated number of people in Nepal
 
[[Solar Cookers International]] has rated Nepal as the #12 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: [[Media:25_countries_with_most_solar_cooking_potential.pdf|The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential]]). The estimated number of people in Nepal
 
in sunny areas with fuel scarcity in 2020 is 6,000,000.
 
in sunny areas with fuel scarcity in 2020 is 6,000,000.
   
In Nepal, over 80 % of the total energy consumption comes from traditional energy resources. Biomass being the major contributing energy sector in Nepal, more than 75 % of the energy is supplied by firewood alone followed by 9.24 % from petroleum products, 5.74% from animal waste, 3.75% from agricultural residue, 3.53% from coal, 1.47% from electricity and 0.48% by renewable resources. The sectoral energy consumption pattern shows that the residential sector energy consumption is more than 80 % while the agriculture and others are the least energy consuming sectors. According to Water and Energy Commission Secretariat report of 1995 carried out for energy end use perspective, it was reported that residential cooking alone accounts for 65%, space heating accounts for 8%, agro-processing 3%, water boiling 2%, lighting for 1% while others account for over 20% of the total energy consumption in rural household sectors. Biomass has thus been very important source of energy in the Nepalese perspective. With the recent emphasis on renewable energy, there are various opportunities for economic development using these renewable resources. [http://www.nepalnews.com/archive/2007/others/guestcolumn/mar/guest_columns_05.php]
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In Nepal, over 80 % of the total energy consumption comes from traditional energy resources. Biomass being the major contributing energy sector in Nepal, more than 75 % of the energy is supplied by firewood alone followed by 9.24 % from petroleum products, 5.74% from animal waste, 3.75% from agricultural residue, 3.53% from coal, 1.47% from electricity and 0.48% by renewable resources. The energy consumption pattern within sectors shows that residential sector energy consumption is more than 80 % while the agriculture and others are the least energy consuming sectors. According to Water and Energy Commission Secretariat report of 1995 carried out for energy end use perspective, it was reported that residential cooking alone accounts for 65%, space heating accounts for 8%, agro-processing 3%, water boiling 2%, lighting for 1% while others account for over 20% of the total energy consumption in rural household sectors. Biomass has thus been very important source of energy in the Nepalese perspective. With the recent emphasis on renewable energy, there are various opportunities for economic development using these renewable resources.
   
 
[[Patricia McArdle]] reports in February 2009 after her visit to Nepal:
 
[[Patricia McArdle]] reports in February 2009 after her visit to Nepal:
   
:I asked the women about their cooking habits and fuel usage. In some cases the men tried to respond for them, but I insisted on hearing directly from the women. Their responses and my observations were the same at each of the sites where we conducted training. They said they rise at 4 am to start their fires and serve sweet green tea to their families in the morning. The first heavy meal of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments is served to the whole family between 9 and 10 am. They extinguish their cooking fires around 10 am and start them up again at 2 pm to prepare afternoon tea and the evening meal. Sweet biscuits, buffalo milk and curd are also consumed in the afternoon since they require no cooking.
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:I asked the women about their cooking habits and fuel usage. In some cases the men tried to respond for them, but I insisted on hearing directly from the women. Their responses and my observations were the same at each of the sites where we conducted training. They said they rise at 4 am to start their fires and serve sweet green tea to their families in the morning. The first heavy meal of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments is served to the whole family between 9 and 10 am. They extinguish their cooking fires around 10 am and start them up again at 2 pm to prepare afternoon tea and the evening meal. Sweet biscuits, buffalo milk and curd are also consumed in the afternoon since they require no cooking.
   
:The second and final large meal is served between 6 and 7 pm and like breakfast consists of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments. The meals are served piping hot on metal plates. The women cook in large 7-8 liter pots, one for rice and one for dahl. Spinach is sautéed quickly in a shallow pan with oil and spices just before the meal is served. The women told me they use approximately 3 kilos of wood per day per person for cooking and heating water for tea. Wood currently costs 15 Nepalese rupees (20 cents U.S.) per kilo, a threefold increase over five years.
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:The second and final large meal is served between 6 and 7 pm and like breakfast consists of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments. The meals are served piping hot on metal plates. The women cook in large 7-8 liter pots, one for rice and one for dahl. Spinach is sautéed quickly in a shallow pan with oil and spices just before the meal is served. The women told me they use approximately 3 kilos of wood per day per person for cooking and heating water for tea. Wood currently costs 15 Nepalese rupees (20 cents U.S.) per kilo, a threefold increase over five years.
   
:I did not observe any families using wood strictly for heating. The locations where we stayed were between one and two thousand meters and temperatures at night didn’t drop below 40 degrees F. Daytime temperatures were mild. Ugan said this region gets quite hot during the summer monsoon season (June-August). I told him that in some countries the rainy season still has enough sunshine at mid-day bracketed by morning and afternoon downpours, to make solar cooking possible. He said conditions vary greatly throughout Nepal with its dramatic and rapid changes in altitude, terrain and weather.
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:I did not observe any families using wood strictly for heating. The locations where we stayed were between one and two thousand meters and temperatures at night didn’t drop below 40 degrees F. Daytime temperatures were mild. Ugan said this region gets quite hot during the summer monsoon season (June-August). I told him that in some countries the rainy season still has enough sunshine at mid-day bracketed by morning and afternoon downpours, to make solar cooking possible. He said conditions vary greatly throughout Nepal with its dramatic and rapid changes in altitude, terrain and weather.
   
:The women use cold water for laundry, bathing and dish washing. Although they complained of water shortages and are experiencing mild drought conditions until the monsoons begin in June, the villages have no indigenous systems for harvesting and saving the massive amounts of rain water that falls every year during the monsoon season.
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:The women use cold water for laundry, bathing and dish washing. Although they complained of water shortages and are experiencing mild drought conditions until the monsoons begin in June, the villages have no indigenous systems for harvesting and saving the massive amounts of rain water that falls every year during the monsoon season.
   
:Because of this area’s national park status, trees cannot be cut down at will, although I saw stacked logs and branches everywhere and many women carrying huge bundles of sticks down the road on their backs.
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:Because of this area’s national park status, trees cannot be cut down at will, although I saw stacked logs and branches everywhere and many women carrying huge bundles of sticks down the road on their backs.
   
===See also===
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'''See also'''
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*{{WikipediaClimate|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Nepal#Climate}}
* [[Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables]].
 
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*{{NewAug19}}{{EnergySituationEnergypedia}}
 
 
*[[Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables]].
==The history of solar cooking in Nepal==
 
 
[[Allart Ligtenberg]], is the American name most closely associated with the introduction of solar cookers in Nepal. His small organization, FAST ([[Friendly Appropriate Solar Technologies]]), mainly Ligtenberg himself, has dedicated endless hours to the cause. For a number of years, this engineer, now retired from Hewlett Packard, has spent three months in Asia, principally in Nepal. His dissemination program is as simple as ABC, he states: '''''A''''' for awareness creation, '''''B''''' for building infrastructure; and '''''C''''' for continuous follow-up and creating new links. In Nepal, he began the task of visiting government officials, universities, voluntary organizations, embassies, service organizations, until he finally reached the office of the [[Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal]] (CRT). They struck up a collaborative relationship that has held over a number of years and been productive in promotion of solar activity. Ligtenberg carries with him cookers, recipe books, "how to" manuals, reference books, etc. and works to create a full fledged program of training new cooks, follow up, and promotion modes, program evaluation, etc. CRT staff have taken the ideas up with so much enthusiasm that he calls them the "champions of solar cooking" in this country. In the CRT program, a wide variety of cookers are shown and demonstrated in use, earning good media coverage and attracting wide public attention.
 
   
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=={{HeadingHistory}}==
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{{SubSection|Allart Ligtenberg (FAST)}}
 
[[Allart Ligtenberg]], is the American name most closely associated with the introduction of solar cooking in Nepal. His small organization, FAST ([[Friendly Appropriate Solar Technologies]]), which was primarily Ligtenberg himself, dedicated endless hours to the cause. For a number of years, this engineer, retired from Hewlett Packard, would spend three months in Asia, principally in Nepal. His dissemination program is as simple as ABC, he states: '''''A''''' for awareness creation, '''''B''''' for building infrastructure; and '''''C''''' for continuous follow-up and creating new links. In Nepal, he began the task of visiting government officials, universities, voluntary organizations, embassies, service organizations, until he finally reached the office of the [[Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal]] (CRT). They struck up a collaborative relationship that has held over a number of years and been productive in promotion of solar activity. Ligtenberg carried with him cookers, recipe books, "how to" manuals, reference books, etc. and worked to create a comprehensive program of training new cooks, follow up, and promotion modes, program evaluation, etc. CRT staff took the ideas up with so much enthusiasm that he referred to them as the "champions of solar cooking" in Nepal. In the CRT program, a wide variety of cookers are shown and demonstrated in use, earning good media coverage and attracting wide public attention.
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{{SubSection|Trekking tourism}}
 
Special attention has been paid in Nepal to the remote lodges that serve trekking
 
Special attention has been paid in Nepal to the remote lodges that serve trekking
 
tourists in the Anapurna and other mountain areas. With the growth of the tourism
 
tourists in the Anapurna and other mountain areas. With the growth of the tourism
 
industry, considerable environmental degradation was seen in the form of shrinkage of forests and their wildlife populations, excessive trash dumped on the trails, water pollution even at high altitudes, and signs of global warming. Renewable energy usage is strongly encouraged by the government, and many smaller lodges are now equipped with solar water heaters and solar food dryers. Solar cooking is a natural here. With high altitudes and thus little to impede the sun's rays, household size parabolic devices, or even larger ones, are very appropriate for these installations.
 
industry, considerable environmental degradation was seen in the form of shrinkage of forests and their wildlife populations, excessive trash dumped on the trails, water pollution even at high altitudes, and signs of global warming. Renewable energy usage is strongly encouraged by the government, and many smaller lodges are now equipped with solar water heaters and solar food dryers. Solar cooking is a natural here. With high altitudes and thus little to impede the sun's rays, household size parabolic devices, or even larger ones, are very appropriate for these installations.
   
A number of such installations are is use, as described by [[Dieter Seifert]] of EG
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A number of such installations have been in use, as described by [[Dieter Seifert]] of EG
Solar, the German distributor of these models, on trekking trails in the Mt. Everest area, in Sagarmatha National Par, and a number of schools. The same type of parabolic is in use in Dhullikhel Hospital in Katmandu, where four such units provide hot water for patients.
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Solar, the German distributor of these models. On trekking trails in the Mt. Everest area, in Sagarmatha National Par, and in a number of schools. The same type of parabolic was in use in Dhullikhel Hospital in Katmandu, where four such units provide hot water for patients.
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{{SubSection|Technology for Life}}
 
In 1994, an organization from Finland, Technology for Life, conducted a series of solar experiments and evaluations of their potential use in Nepal. They searched for devices which would fit the needs of "near-subsistence" economies such as Nepal. They tried box cookers and homemade parabolics but found the cost of these appliances was out of reach of many. Poor quality was not acceptable, and good quality was not affordable. Not a dilemma found only in Nepal, but a rather common scenario in other countries.
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{{SubSection|Foundation for Sustainable Technologies (FoST)}}
 
Another group is also at work in Nepal, has been the [[Foundation for Sustainable Technologies]] (FoST). The group is an NGO with the goal of widely promoting and disseminating sustainable technologies to improve the quality of life of the Nepalese people. They have supported a wide range of solar technologies and some others such as the [[Heat-retention cooking|haybox]] and [[:Category:Improved combustion stoves|improved combustion stoves]]. Quickly after their founding, some of the members were setting up demonstrations in various parts of the country. Their goals have been ambitious, and long range in nature.
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{{SubSection|Refugee projects with the Vajra Foundation}}
 
Solar cooking has also been initiated in [[refugee camps]], which serve the large population of refugees from Bhutan. In one or more of these camps, a program funded by the [[Vajra Foundation]] initiated solar cooking introduction programs. The Project was run by a man named [[Maarten Olthof]], who distributed 400 box cookers of the [[ULOG]] type (slanted top) in the camps. Working cooperatively with CRT (and Ligtenberg, also of Dutch origin), Olhof also worked in a rural area in the Katmandu Valley, near the capital city, conducting demonstrations and training. He hopes to involve more organizations, such as [[Rotary International]], in these efforts.
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{{SubSection|IBEU group}}
 
Parabolic solar cookers are also known to have been promoted in Nepal by the IBEU group, which is located in Julich, [[Germany]]. The cooker they used in Nepal is one with [[heat storage]] capacity, accomplished with reflector plates, a steel vessel filled with pebbles, and vegetable oil as a heat transfer means. The devices are highly efficient, and retain heat for up to one day.
   
 
Substantial public awareness about solar cooking must continue to be advanced in Nepal, given the number of places in the country where solar cooking is possible. But solar cookers are hardly common sight, perhaps because the types of cookers in use are mostly on the expensive end and thus require some type of subsidy scheme to be available for to poor people. One niche, for solar cooking is almost certainly found in services for the tourist trade, since it both reduces cost to providers and reduces damage to the valuable environment.
In 1994, an organization from Finland, [[Technology for Life]], conducted a series of solar experiments and evaluations of their potential for Nepal. Their search was for devices which would fit the needs of "near-subsistence" economies such as Nepal. They tried box cookers and home made parabolics but found that the cdst of all was out of reach of many, as poor quality was not acceptable and good quality not affordable. Not a dilemma found only in Nepal, but a rather common scenario.
 
Another group is also at work in Nepal, the [[Foundation for Sustainable Technologies]] (FoST). This group is a recently established NGO with the goal of widely promoting and disseminating sustainable technologies to improve the quality of life of Nepalese people. They support a wide range of solar technologies and some others such as the haybox and fuel efficient stoves. Quickly after their founding, some of the members were setting up demonstrations in various parts of the country. Their goals are ambitious and long range in nature. However, the organization is too new to-have as yet much of a track record.
 
 
Solar cooking has also been initiated in camps serving the large population of refugees from Bhutan currently resident in Nepal. In one or more of these camps, a program funded by the [[Vajra Foundation]] mounted solar cooking programs in refugee camps. The Project was run by a man named [[Maarten Olthof]] who distributed 400 box cookers of the [[ULOG]] type (slanted top) in the camps. Working cooperatively with CRT (and Ligtenberg, also of Dutch origin), Olhof also worked in a rural area in the Katmandu Valley, near the capital city, conducting demonstrations and training. He hopes to involve more organizations, such as [[Rotary International]], in these efforts.
 
 
Cookers of the parabolic type are also known to have been promoted in Nepal by the [[IBEU]] group, located in Germany at Julich. The device they used in Nepal is one with thermal storage capacity, accomplished with reflector plates, a steel vessel filled with pebbles, and vegetable oil as a heat transfer means. The devices are highly efficient, and retain heat for up to one day.
 
 
Substantial public awareness about solar cooking must be advanced in Nepal compared to many countries, given the number of places in the country where solar cookers are in use. But they are clearly far from a common sight, perhaps because the types of cookers in use are mostly on the expensive end and thus require some type of subsidy scheme to be available for to poor people. One niche, for solar cooking is almost certainly found in services for the tourist trade, since it both reduces cost to providers and reduces damage to the valuable environment.
 
   
 
==Resources==
 
==Resources==
  +
{{ContinentInfo|Asia}}
===Possible [[funders]] for solar cooking projects in Nepal===
 
  +
{{FacebookGroups}}
*[http://www.kiva.org/about/aboutPartner?id=62 Patan Business and Professional Women]
 
 
===Reports===
 
===Reports===
  +
*{{NewFeb17}}'''January 2017:''' [[Media:How_Vajra_Foundation’s_Solar_Cooker_Project_in_the_Bhutanese_Refugee_Camps_in_Eastern_Nepal_Became_One_of_the_Largest_in_the_World_–_and_How_This_Success_has_been_Used_to_Kindle_Environmentalism_in_Nepal_Olthof.pdf|How Vajra Foundation’s Solar Cooker Project in the Bhutanese Refugee Camps in Eastern Nepal Became One of the Largest in the World – and How This Success has been Used to Kindle Environmentalism in Nepal]] - ''[[Maarten Olthof]]''
  +
*{{NewFeb17}}'''January 2017:''' [[Media:Possibilities_and_Challenges_of_Solar_can_Cook_Nepali_Food_Shrestha.pdf|Possibilities and Challenges of Solar can Cook Nepali Food]] [[Media:Possibilities_and_Challenges_of_Solar_can_Cook_Nepali_Food_presentation_Shrestha.pdf|(slides)]] - ''[[Sanu Kaji Shrestha]] and Kriti Shrestha''
  +
*'''July 2013:''' [http://blogs.washplus.org/iaqupdates/2013/07/background-paper-for-clean-cooking-market-place-2013-nepal/ Background Paper for Clean Cooking Market Place 2013, Nepal] - ''Saroj Rai, Senior Renewable Energy Advisor, SNV''
  +
*'''January 2013:''' [[Media:Solar Cooking with Integrated Systems-FOST-2011.pdf|Solar Cooking with Integrated Systems]] - ''[[FOST]]''
 
*'''December 2007:''' Conference paper: [[Media:Ligtenberg-WRERCEconferencePaperFinalPDFreduced_2007.pdf|Integrated Strategies to Solar Cooking/Water Pasteurization, that Include Other Sustainable Technologies that Advance MDG's in Nepal]]
 
*'''December 2007:''' Conference paper: [[Media:Ligtenberg-WRERCEconferencePaperFinalPDFreduced_2007.pdf|Integrated Strategies to Solar Cooking/Water Pasteurization, that Include Other Sustainable Technologies that Advance MDG's in Nepal]]
*'''March 2007:''' [http://www.gorpproductions.com/projects.html Report on site visit to FoST by Sandra Wijnveldt and family]
 
 
*'''July 2006:''' [[Media:Granada06_ganesh_shrestha.pdf|Promotion of Solar Cookers for Eco-Tourism Development in Nepal]] - ''[[Ganesh Ram Shrestha]]''
 
*'''July 2006:''' [[Media:Granada06_ganesh_shrestha.pdf|Promotion of Solar Cookers for Eco-Tourism Development in Nepal]] - ''[[Ganesh Ram Shrestha]]''
*'''March 2005:''' [[Media:Utrech_U_Eval_(Olthof)_March_2005.pdf‎|Towards sustainable relief-assistance - Applicability of the sunny solution]]- ''[[Vajra Foundation Nepal]]''
+
*'''March 2005:''' [[Media:Utrech_U_Eval_(Olthof)_March_2005.pdf|Towards sustainable relief-assistance - Applicability of the sunny solution]]- ''[[Vajra Foundation Nepal]]''
 
*'''2003:''' [[Media:Energy Hunters of Nepal.pdf|Energy Hunters of Nepal]] (Or how two [[Rotary International | Rotary]] projects (COG 2152 and NOG 468) are providing a village in Nepal with a new energy source)
 
*'''2003:''' [[Media:Energy Hunters of Nepal.pdf|Energy Hunters of Nepal]] (Or how two [[Rotary International | Rotary]] projects (COG 2152 and NOG 468) are providing a village in Nepal with a new energy source)
   
  +
==={{HeadingProjectEvals}}===
==Audio and video==
 
  +
*{{NewJan17}}'''September 2013:''' [[Klaus Schulte]] follows up on solar cooker use in Bamti Bhander, [[Nepal]] ten years after the introduction of parabolic solar cookers. [[Media:Ten_years_with_Energy_Hunters_of_Nepal_in_Bamti_Bhandar_2013.pdf|Ten years with Energy Hunters of Nepal in Bamti Bhander 2013]] - ''[[Klaus Schulte]]''
*'''February 2007:''' [http://solarcooking.org/media/broadcast/default.htm?ligtenberg An audio interview with Allart Ligtenberg discussing his recent project in Mexico and his work with the Rotary Club on projects in Nepal, Indonesia, and Afghanistan]
 
  +
*'''2007:''' [http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-3128310824574419070&hl=en A film showing FoST's activities] - ''[[Sandra Wijnveldt]]''
 
  +
*{{NewJan17}}'''March 2005:''' [[Media:Utrech_U._Eval_(Olthof).pdf|Towards Sustainable Relief-Assistance, Varja Foundation Nepal]] - An evaluation of solar cookers versus kerosine or wood stoves in [[Nepal]] by Bhutanese refugees. Program conducted by [[Vajra Foundation Nepal]].
  +
  +
==={{HeadingVideo}}===
  +
*{{NewMar23}}'''March 2023:'''
  +
::[[File:Maarten Oltof- Solar Cooking in Nepal, the Vajra Academy Change Makers School, and an Eco Village-2|400px|thumb|none]]
  +
*{{NewNov22}}'''November 2022:'''
  +
::[[File:James Dean Conklin- Filming "Family of the Sun"-2|400px|thumb|none|A documentary interview conducted by [[Luther Krueger]], of the Big Blue Sun Museum of Solar Cooking, with James Dean Conklin, who since the early 2000s, has spent considerable time researching the development of solar cooking in [[India]] and [[Nepal]]]]
  +
*{{NewMay18}}'''May 2018:''' 
  +
::[[File:FoST Lapu EN-0|thumb|none|400px|FoST demonstrates production of [[biomass briquettes]] in Lapu Village in [[Nepal]].]]
  +
*{{NewMar17}}'''January 2017:'''
  +
::[[File:Sanu Kaji Shrestha, Kriti Shrestha - Possibilities and Challenges of "Sun Can Cook Nepali Food"|none|400px|[[Media:Possibilities_and_Challenges_of_Solar_can_Cook_Nepali_Food_Shrestha.pdf|(PDF)]]]]
  +
*{{NewFeb17}}'''January 2017:'''
  +
::[[File:Maarten Olthof - Bhutanese refugee camps|none|400px]]
  +
*{{NewOct15}}'''October 2015:''' [[Alan Bigelow]] of [[Solar Punch]], speaking on the future of solar cooking in [[Nepal]] at the [[SCI Regional Convention - North America 2015]].
  +
::[[File:Bigelow Expanding Solar Cooking Infrastructure in Nepal|none|400px]]
  +
*'''August 2014:'''
  +
::[[File:Humanist Community Forum (2014-08-24) Solar Cooking and Other Green Technology Projects in Nepal (Allart Ligtenberg)|thumb|none|400px|In 1992, [[Allart Ligtenberg]] retired early from his Hewlett-Packard engineering manager’s job to follow his dream of disseminating solar cooking/[[water pasteurization]] and other renewable energy technologies in developing countries. Allart started long-term solar cooking programs in Nepal, and each year he spends 2-3 months in Nepal to follow up on these programs.]]
  +
  +
*'''July 2014:'''
  +
::[[File:Ligtenberg- Nepal Projects Sustainable development One Village at a Time|thumb|none|400px]]
  +
  +
*'''July 2014:''' [[Alan Bigelow]]'s presentation "Solar Cooking on a Trek in Nepal" delivered at the SCInet convention in July, 2014 included the video below.
  +
::[[File:Bigelow Solar Trekking-0|none|400px]]
  +
  +
*'''August 2013:'''
  +
::[[File:Allart Ligtenberg|thumb|none|400px|Presented at [[Solar Cookers International]]'s Shine On:2013 event, [[Allart Ligtenberg]] explains various solar cooking projects he has been involved with.]]
  +
  +
*'''February 2010:'''
  +
::[[File:Solar Cooking Project in Nepal by Stichting Vajra.wmv-0|thumb|none|400px|Solar cooking project in a Bhutanese refugee camp in 2007 with [http://solarcooking.org/m.]]
  +
  +
*'''January 2009:'''
  +
::[[File:Solar cooking in Nepal|none|400px]]
  +
 
* '''February 2007:''' [http://solarcooking.org/media/broadcast/default.htm?ligtenberg An audio interview with Allart Ligtenberg discussing his recent project in Mexico and his work with the Rotary Club on projects in Nepal, Indonesia, and Afghanistan]
   
 
===Articles in the media===
 
===Articles in the media===
  +
*{{NewJul19}}'''July 2019:''' [https://www.nepal24hours.com/nepal-government-endorsed-national-environment-policy/ Nepal Government Endorsed National Environment Policy] - ''Nepal24Hours.com''
*'''February 2008:''' [http://www.odemagazine.com/doc/50/hot-stuff Bhutanese refugees in Nepal have a new way to prepare meals, without firewood, kerosene or the risk of smoke inhalation - the solar cooker.] - ''Ode Magazine''
 
*'''October 2007:''' [http://www.gorkhapatra.org.np/content.php?nid=29114 Hoping For Respite] - ''The Rising Nepal''
 
   
  +
*{{NewNov16}}'''November 2016:''' [http://www.myrepublica.com/news/8509 Experts stress on providing clean cooking solution for all] - ''myRepública''
{{CountryContacts}}
 
   
  +
* '''March 2013:''' [http://www.mercurynews.com/mike-cassidy/ci_22798863/cassidy-hewlett-packard-alum-sets-out-change-world Hewlett-Packard alum sets out to change world with Nepal solar project] - ''MercuryNews.com''
  +
  +
===Disaster Assistance===
  +
*'''April 2014:''' [[Media:Kvar-blokoj-forno.pdf|Four-Block Stove (चार ब्लक चुलो)]] - Printable one-page plans for the construction of a rocket stove out of concrete blocks.
 
{{CountryContacts}}
 
{{InterwikiLinks|Népal}}
 
{{InterwikiLinks|Népal}}
[[Category:South Asia]]
+
[[Category:Countries]]
 
[[Category:Asia]]
 
[[Category:Asia]]
[[Category:Countries involved in solar cooking]]
+
[[Category:South Asia]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
+
[[Category:Nepal]]
  +
[[Category:Countries with the greatest solar cooking potential]]

Latest revision as of 17:07, 16 March 2024

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Last edited: 13 March 2024      
Vajra Foundation Nepal 2013 multiple
Bhutanese refugees demonstrating parabolic solar cookers in Nepal.]] More than 85,000 refugees from Bhutan solar cooked their meals in a refugee camp in Nepal. The Vajra Foundation Holland (Stichting Vajra) has worked in the Bhutanese refugee camps in Nepal since 1995 to bring solar cooking and heat-retention cooking to the refugees there. By 2013 some 85,000 refugees were cooking their meals using these methods. The on-the-ground work was done by Vajra Foundation Nepal and the financing is provided by the Dutch Lottery and the Dutch NGO Stichting Vluchteling.

Events[]

Featured international events[]

SE for ALL forum logo 2024, 10-3-23
  • 4-6 June 2024 (Bridgetown, Barbados): Sustainable Energy for All Global Forum - The event will be co-hosted by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) and the government of Barbados. It is a platform for government, business and finance leaders, entrepreneurs, and youth and community representatives from around the world to come together to broker new partnerships, spur new investment, and address challenges at the nexus of energy, climate, and development. More information...

Online events[]

Requests for proposal[]

  • Decentralized Renewable Energy Solutions utilizing Solar and Bio-Energy - Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments of ScienceDirect, is requesting guest-author submissions. The special issue, VSI: DRES is devoted to publishing research articles reporting the innovative designs and design interventions in solar thermal and bio-energy for decentralized energy systems (DES). It includes i) new and novel designs of prototype or commercial devices and technologies, their development, modeling and simulations and experimental validation; ii) innovations for processes, techniques, utilization, and applications; iii) novel use of materials for improving efficiency, performance, techno-economic feasibility, and sustainability and iv) research findings addressing the socio-economic, health and safety impacts, and life cycle assessments leading to proposing novel devices for DES. The Deadline for submission is 31 July 2024. More submittal information...
See also: Global Calendar of Events and past events in Nepal

News[]

Allart Ligtenberg award photo, 11-10-22

Allart Ligtenberg award ceremony for the Service-Above-Self Award from Rotory International - Photo credit: Charles Lindauer/Rotary Club of Los Altos

  • November 2022: Service-Above-Self Award - Allart Ligtenberg received this recognition from Rotory International of Los Altos, CA, USA. With his wife, Ineke, he has repeatedly visited Nepal to share their knowledge of solar cooking. Through the years, they have made available hundreds of solar cookers to the countries' rural poor.
  • July 2022: Student training in Swostishree Gurukul, Nepal - Students of Grade -VIII attended an experimental and hands-on training session on ' Sustainable solutions of ever-growing energy and environmental crises in Nepal' organized by Foundation for Sustainable Technology at Thamel, Kathmandu. Managing Director Mina Maharjan herself, two teachers and twenty students benefitted from the session. Green technology entrepreneur and innovator Sanu Kaji Shrestha and his team of experts facilitated the session. We were delighted to know that the kind organizers had prepared the snacks that was served to us in green energy instead of fossil fuel. By the end of the session, participants gained theoretical and hands on skill and knowledge under the following technologies: solar cooking, solar cooker construction, solar water pasteurizing, solar drying, fuel-efficient stoves, heat-retention cookers, biomass briquettes, biochar, Waste management, and soilless gardening. The organizers also gifted a souvenir to each of the participant, which was made from the waste.
Nepalese group watch solar cooker, SCI, 6-10-21 copy

Nepalese citizens receive training in using a parabolic solar cooker. Photo credit: Sanu Kaji Shrestha

  • June 2021: Solar cookers and sustainable cooking equipment distributed in Nepal - With assistance from Solar Cookers International, approximately 300 people from especially vulnerable groups from communities in Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kavre, Okhaldhunga, and Solukhumbu districts have received solar cookers, solar dryers, heat-retention boxes, and water pasteurization and safety equipment, as well as the necessary training. These locations in Nepal have limited local resources, and the new appliances help the recipients be better prepared for the challenges facing their communities. Read more in the SCI Summer 2021 Newsletter
  • January 2020:
FoST January 2020

Orientation and live-demonstration of the green energy technologies organized for Seven Women groups from Australia today by FoST.

  • August 2019: 
FoST at Akshar Foundation - August 2019

A group photo of the students, teachers and parents in Akshar Foundation after a training by FoST

  • January 2018: The Foundation for Sustainable Technologies(FoST) successfully completed two days of exhibitions (3rd and 4th Dec.) on green energy technologies at Nepal's biggest consumer center, Kalimati Vegetable Market in Kathmandu. Their two objectives were to convert energy sources available in the market complex into fuel cakes and tap solar energy for cooking food items and water boiling. They supplied boiled water to the doctors in the free health camp, and tea and snacks to the fifty people involved in the camp, which was jointly organized by the Lions and Leo Clubs, Women Empowerment Group, and Cooperatives.
  • November 2017: A FoST demonstration of solar and sustainable technologies took place on 16 October 2017 for the students and teachers of the Kathmandu International Study Center, Dhobighat, Kathmandu, Nepal.
  • May 2017: Contribute your data: Drive solar cooking results - Solar cooking contributes to long-term progress from cleaner, more efficient, sustainable cooking solutions worldwide. It is crucial to convey the positive health, economic, and environmental impacts of solar cooking to government agencies and other stakeholders. To help build this case, SCI is reaching out to all solar cooking partners. SCI invites your input in the form of data on baseline information, number and type of solar cookers, number of years of the project, location, outcomes, etc. With your help, we can work to include solar-thermal cooking in national energy and sustainability plans. You provide:
  • Number of solar cookers
  • Type
  • Location
  • Time period
  • Distributed
  • Sold
  • Manufactured
Submit your solar cooking data by filling out the simple form on the Solar Cookers International website or email info@solarcookers.org. Please submit to SCI by 1 June 2017.
FOST Locally made box cooker,1-26-17

Locally produced solar box cookers in FOST introductory project for the Lalitpur district. Photo credit: FOST

  • January 2017: Projects for the Lalitpur district - The Foundation for Sustainable Technologies, working with the SCI 4th Grant Program, have begun programs in the Devichour VDC and Panauti communities. Previously dependent on biogas and fuelwood. Both are rural villages. The projects are using both Chinese-made parabolic solar cookers and locally produced solar box cookers.
FoST parabolics at Tek Chok Ling Nunnery, Bauda, Nepal, 1-4-17

FoST representatives demonstrated parabolic solar cookers at the Tek Chok Ling Nunnery School in Baudha, Nepal. Photo credit: FoST

  • January 2017: Parabolic solar cookers demonstrated in BaudhaFoST founder Sanu Kaji Shrestha, with assistance from Kriti, demonstrated and provided parabolic solar cookers to the Tek Chok Ling Nunnery School in Baudha, Nepal. They boiled twelve liters of water and 12kg(26.4lbs) of potatoes in four hours for appreciative nuns. They project the nunnery can expect to save 30-40% of their gas consumption with continued consistent use of the solar cookers.
SCI-FoST Nepal 2016 training, 8-10-16

A group of single women participate in a 2-day solar cooking workshop in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal Photo credit: Kriti Shrestha

  • August 2016: Solar cookers help to empower local womenSolar Cookers International helped to coordinate a 2-day training project for single women, local leaders, and the community hospital in the use of solar cookers in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Solar cooking can free the women from hours of fatigue, drudgery, and danger while collecting firewood. Thirty parabolic solar cookers and seven solar dryers were distributed as part of the project. A single mother whose solar cooker was damaged in the 2015 earthquake has been able to reopen her 4-table solar-cooker-powered restaurant with assistance from SCI and project partner, FoST in Nepal.
See older news...

Climate and culture[]

Solar Cookers International has rated Nepal as the #12 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential). The estimated number of people in Nepal in sunny areas with fuel scarcity in 2020 is 6,000,000.

In Nepal, over 80 % of the total energy consumption comes from traditional energy resources. Biomass being the major contributing energy sector in Nepal, more than 75 % of the energy is supplied by firewood alone followed by 9.24 % from petroleum products, 5.74% from animal waste, 3.75% from agricultural residue, 3.53% from coal, 1.47% from electricity and 0.48% by renewable resources. The energy consumption pattern within sectors shows that residential sector energy consumption is more than 80 % while the agriculture and others are the least energy consuming sectors. According to Water and Energy Commission Secretariat report of 1995 carried out for energy end use perspective, it was reported that residential cooking alone accounts for 65%, space heating accounts for 8%, agro-processing 3%, water boiling 2%, lighting for 1% while others account for over 20% of the total energy consumption in rural household sectors. Biomass has thus been very important source of energy in the Nepalese perspective. With the recent emphasis on renewable energy, there are various opportunities for economic development using these renewable resources.

Patricia McArdle reports in February 2009 after her visit to Nepal:

I asked the women about their cooking habits and fuel usage. In some cases the men tried to respond for them, but I insisted on hearing directly from the women. Their responses and my observations were the same at each of the sites where we conducted training. They said they rise at 4 am to start their fires and serve sweet green tea to their families in the morning. The first heavy meal of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments is served to the whole family between 9 and 10 am. They extinguish their cooking fires around 10 am and start them up again at 2 pm to prepare afternoon tea and the evening meal. Sweet biscuits, buffalo milk and curd are also consumed in the afternoon since they require no cooking.
The second and final large meal is served between 6 and 7 pm and like breakfast consists of rice, dahl, spinach and seasonal condiments. The meals are served piping hot on metal plates. The women cook in large 7-8 liter pots, one for rice and one for dahl. Spinach is sautéed quickly in a shallow pan with oil and spices just before the meal is served. The women told me they use approximately 3 kilos of wood per day per person for cooking and heating water for tea. Wood currently costs 15 Nepalese rupees (20 cents U.S.) per kilo, a threefold increase over five years.
I did not observe any families using wood strictly for heating. The locations where we stayed were between one and two thousand meters and temperatures at night didn’t drop below 40 degrees F. Daytime temperatures were mild. Ugan said this region gets quite hot during the summer monsoon season (June-August). I told him that in some countries the rainy season still has enough sunshine at mid-day bracketed by morning and afternoon downpours, to make solar cooking possible. He said conditions vary greatly throughout Nepal with its dramatic and rapid changes in altitude, terrain and weather.
The women use cold water for laundry, bathing and dish washing. Although they complained of water shortages and are experiencing mild drought conditions until the monsoons begin in June, the villages have no indigenous systems for harvesting and saving the massive amounts of rain water that falls every year during the monsoon season.
Because of this area’s national park status, trees cannot be cut down at will, although I saw stacked logs and branches everywhere and many women carrying huge bundles of sticks down the road on their backs.

See also

History[]

Allart Ligtenberg (FAST)

Allart Ligtenberg, is the American name most closely associated with the introduction of solar cooking in Nepal. His small organization, FAST (Friendly Appropriate Solar Technologies), which was primarily Ligtenberg himself, dedicated endless hours to the cause. For a number of years, this engineer, retired from Hewlett Packard, would spend three months in Asia, principally in Nepal. His dissemination program is as simple as ABC, he states: A for awareness creation, B for building infrastructure; and C for continuous follow-up and creating new links. In Nepal, he began the task of visiting government officials, universities, voluntary organizations, embassies, service organizations, until he finally reached the office of the Centre for Rural Technology, Nepal (CRT). They struck up a collaborative relationship that has held over a number of years and been productive in promotion of solar activity. Ligtenberg carried with him cookers, recipe books, "how to" manuals, reference books, etc. and worked to create a comprehensive program of training new cooks, follow up, and promotion modes, program evaluation, etc. CRT staff took the ideas up with so much enthusiasm that he referred to them as the "champions of solar cooking" in Nepal. In the CRT program, a wide variety of cookers are shown and demonstrated in use, earning good media coverage and attracting wide public attention.

Trekking tourism

Special attention has been paid in Nepal to the remote lodges that serve trekking tourists in the Anapurna and other mountain areas. With the growth of the tourism industry, considerable environmental degradation was seen in the form of shrinkage of forests and their wildlife populations, excessive trash dumped on the trails, water pollution even at high altitudes, and signs of global warming. Renewable energy usage is strongly encouraged by the government, and many smaller lodges are now equipped with solar water heaters and solar food dryers. Solar cooking is a natural here. With high altitudes and thus little to impede the sun's rays, household size parabolic devices, or even larger ones, are very appropriate for these installations.

A number of such installations have been in use, as described by Dieter Seifert of EG Solar, the German distributor of these models. On trekking trails in the Mt. Everest area, in Sagarmatha National Par, and in a number of schools. The same type of parabolic was in use in Dhullikhel Hospital in Katmandu, where four such units provide hot water for patients.

Technology for Life

In 1994, an organization from Finland, Technology for Life, conducted a series of solar experiments and evaluations of their potential use in Nepal. They searched for devices which would fit the needs of "near-subsistence" economies such as Nepal. They tried box cookers and homemade parabolics but found the cost of these appliances was out of reach of many. Poor quality was not acceptable, and good quality was not affordable. Not a dilemma found only in Nepal, but a rather common scenario in other countries.

Foundation for Sustainable Technologies (FoST)

Another group is also at work in Nepal, has been the Foundation for Sustainable Technologies (FoST). The group is an NGO with the goal of widely promoting and disseminating sustainable technologies to improve the quality of life of the Nepalese people. They have supported a wide range of solar technologies and some others such as the haybox and improved combustion stoves. Quickly after their founding, some of the members were setting up demonstrations in various parts of the country. Their goals have been ambitious, and long range in nature.

Refugee projects with the Vajra Foundation

Solar cooking has also been initiated in refugee camps, which serve the large population of refugees from Bhutan. In one or more of these camps, a program funded by the Vajra Foundation initiated solar cooking introduction programs. The Project was run by a man named Maarten Olthof, who distributed 400 box cookers of the ULOG type (slanted top) in the camps. Working cooperatively with CRT (and Ligtenberg, also of Dutch origin), Olhof also worked in a rural area in the Katmandu Valley, near the capital city, conducting demonstrations and training. He hopes to involve more organizations, such as Rotary International, in these efforts.

IBEU group

Parabolic solar cookers are also known to have been promoted in Nepal by the IBEU group, which is located in Julich, Germany. The cooker they used in Nepal is one with heat storage capacity, accomplished with reflector plates, a steel vessel filled with pebbles, and vegetable oil as a heat transfer means. The devices are highly efficient, and retain heat for up to one day.

Substantial public awareness about solar cooking must continue to be advanced in Nepal, given the number of places in the country where solar cooking is possible. But solar cookers are hardly common sight, perhaps because the types of cookers in use are mostly on the expensive end and thus require some type of subsidy scheme to be available for to poor people. One niche, for solar cooking is almost certainly found in services for the tourist trade, since it both reduces cost to providers and reduces damage to the valuable environment.

Resources[]

Possible funding[]

Facebook groups[]

Reports[]

Project evaluations[]

Audio and video[]

  • March 2023:
Maarten_Oltof-_Solar_Cooking_in_Nepal,_the_Vajra_Academy_Change_Makers_School,_and_an_Eco_Village-2

Maarten Oltof- Solar Cooking in Nepal, the Vajra Academy Change Makers School, and an Eco Village-2

  • November 2022:
James_Dean_Conklin-_Filming_"Family_of_the_Sun"-2

James Dean Conklin- Filming "Family of the Sun"-2

A documentary interview conducted by Luther Krueger, of the Big Blue Sun Museum of Solar Cooking, with James Dean Conklin, who since the early 2000s, has spent considerable time researching the development of solar cooking in India and Nepal

  • May 2018: 
FoST_Lapu_EN-0

FoST Lapu EN-0

FoST demonstrates production of biomass briquettes in Lapu Village in Nepal.

  • January 2017:
  • January 2017:
  • August 2014:
Humanist_Community_Forum_(2014-08-24)_Solar_Cooking_and_Other_Green_Technology_Projects_in_Nepal_(Allart_Ligtenberg)

Humanist Community Forum (2014-08-24) Solar Cooking and Other Green Technology Projects in Nepal (Allart Ligtenberg)

In 1992, Allart Ligtenberg retired early from his Hewlett-Packard engineering manager’s job to follow his dream of disseminating solar cooking/water pasteurization and other renewable energy technologies in developing countries. Allart started long-term solar cooking programs in Nepal, and each year he spends 2-3 months in Nepal to follow up on these programs.

  • July 2014:
Ligtenberg-_Nepal_Projects_Sustainable_development_One_Village_at_a_Time

Ligtenberg- Nepal Projects Sustainable development One Village at a Time

  • July 2014: Alan Bigelow's presentation "Solar Cooking on a Trek in Nepal" delivered at the SCInet convention in July, 2014 included the video below.
  • August 2013:
Allart_Ligtenberg

Allart Ligtenberg

Presented at Solar Cookers International's Shine On:2013 event, Allart Ligtenberg explains various solar cooking projects he has been involved with.

  • February 2010:
Solar_Cooking_Project_in_Nepal_by_Stichting_Vajra.wmv-0

Solar Cooking Project in Nepal by Stichting Vajra.wmv-0

Solar cooking project in a Bhutanese refugee camp in 2007 with [http://solarcooking.org/m.

  • January 2009:

Articles in the media[]

Disaster Assistance[]

Contacts[]

The entities listed below are either based in Nepal, or have established solar cooking projects there:

SCI Associates[]

NGOs[]

Manufacturers and vendors[]

Individuals[]

Government agencies[]

Educational institutions[]

See also[]

References[]