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{{Updated|12|20|21}}
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[[File:Solar Cookers in Tibetan Areas of China|thumb|none|450px]]
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Solar cookers shown in use in Tibetan areas of China help reduce the difficult task of gathering cooking fuel.
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==Events==
  
==Events==
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{{ChinaEvents}}
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See [[Calendar of events]]
  
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{{CalendarAndPastEvents}}
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==News and Recent Developments==
  
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*'''February 2011:''' According to Yu Qing of Emmar Solar Energy, in the western part of the country, provincial and municipal governments are supporting the production of a solar stove that will be made available to farmers and herdsmen in arid mountain locations, free of charge. [http://www.live-pr.com/en/solar-energy-gushing-out-is-the-r1048753463.htm More Information...]
  
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[[File:Allart_L._Tibet_photo_5.jpg|thumb|250px|right|A [[parabolic solar cooker]] in [[Tibet]] shown with the proud owner.]]
 
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[[File:Allart_L._Tibet_photo_4.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Tea water is heated with a [[butterfly]] style solar cooker in front of a local shop.]]
  
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[[File:Allart_L._Tibet_photo_7.jpg|thumb|350px|right|A [[butterfly]] style solar cooker at work in an open marketplace in [[Tibet]].]]
  
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[[File:Allart_L._Nepal_cooker_3.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Allart and his wife use their own solar trekkers backpack cooker for tea preparation while in Tibet.]]
  
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*'''January 2011: Parabolic solar cookers popular in Tibet.''' [[Allart Ligtenberg]] has been involved for a number of years introducing solar cooking to communities in [[Nepal]], [[Mexico]], and other countries around the world. His work has given him a keen sense for perceiving the level of solar cooking happening in a particular country. He recently traveled through Tibet with his wife, and they were amazed at the number of [[parabolic solar cooker]]s being used in cities and rural areas as well. Allart estimates that there may be 80,000-100,000 solar cookers in use in Tibet at this time. The cookers they saw used parabolic style reflectors, some round, others with a [[butterfly]] design. He ventured that the level of use was almost mainstream, typically for making large quantities of tea. They saw no [[ solar box cooker]]s or [[ solar panel cooker]]s. Usually, acquiring a parabolic style cooker is a more expensive approach than other solar cooking options, but he mentioned one manufacturer in [[China]] is able to market a one meter parabolic cooker for US$30-$40 due to large production numbers (100,000 units annually), and low labor costs.
  
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[[File:SolSource_3-in-1_in_China_4-24-10.jpg|thumb|[[SolSource 3-in-1]] in use with Himalayan community members.]]
  
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*'''April 2010:''' The rural population of the Tibetan Plateau relies heavily on biomass fuels, especially dung and wood, for cooking and heating. These fuels cause indoor air pollution, contribute to climate change, and perpetuate gender inequality because girls spend long hours collecting fuel while boys attend school. [[One Earth Designs]] (OED), a U.S.-based nonprofit organization, has developed a novel solar device to reduce reliance on these fuels in this region. The device, called the [[SolSource 3-in-1]], not only enables rural communities to harness the sun’s energy for portable solar cooking, but for space heating and electricity generation as well. High-temperature parabolic solar cookers are currently available and used in Himalayan communities. However, they are often made out of mirror-lined concrete shells that are heavy and breakable. Many nomadic villagers shared with OED a desire for parabolic solar cookers that are portable enough to be taken into the fields while working or tending flocks, but sturdy enough to withstand the harsh winds of the Tibetan Plateau. OED worked with rural communities in the Himalayan region to design the SolSource 3-in-1 according to these local needs and with local materials when feasible. The reflective component of the SolSource 3-in-1 is a lightweight, foldable parabolic shell comprised of several triangular yak-wool canvas panels stretched across a curved bamboo frame and lined with aluminized polyester film (Mylar®). This shell sits on detachable legs that can be staked to the ground to prevent the cooker from blowing over. Multiple functions are performed by attaching one of three interchangeable modules to the center of the shell at the focal area. The first module cooks food and pasteurizes water. Its high focal temperature enables traditional cooking that relies primarily on stir-frying and boiling water for tea and tsampa. A second module collects and stores heat for later use in the home. As journalist Julia Levitt reports on worldchanging.com, the SolSource 3-in-1 “generates enough heat at its focal point to bring a kettle of water to boil in about five to seven minutes. … While it is in use, the device generates heat to warm the home.” A third module generates and stores about 20 watts of thermo-electricity per hour. The SolSource 3-in-1 has been recognized for its innovative design by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Yunus Innovation Challenge, the Clinton Global Initiative, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Last year, the project received the prestigious St. Andrews Prize for the Environment. According to [[Catlin Powers]], chief operating officer of OED, the $75,000 St. Andrews prize money “will support the first large-scale field test and production trial, involving 20 Chinese communities.”
  
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[[File:Butterfly_Cooker1.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Hundreds of thousands of this “butterfly” style solar cooker are in use in China.]]
  
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*'''March 2009:''' China’s Ningxia Federal Intertrade Company has submitted [[Clean Development Mechanism]] (CDM) proposals to disseminate 34,000 solar cookers in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, aimed at reducing the amount of CO2 released from coal-fired stoves. According to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), CDM “allows emission-reduction projects in developing countries to earn certified emission reduction (CER) credits, each equivalent to one ton of CO2. These CERs can be traded and sold, and used by industrialized countries to a meet a part of their emission reduction targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The mechanism stimulates sustainable development and emission reductions, while giving industrialized countries some flexibility in how they meet their emission reduction limitation targets.” The solar cooker CERs would be purchased by the [[Netherlands]] through [[Switzerland|Swiss]] Re Global Markets Limited at an estimated value of 8.65 EUR (or about $11) each, providing necessary project implementation funds. The two projects have gone through the validation process and are currently under review by the CDM executive board. The first project — UNFCCC # 2307 — would provide solar cookers to 17,000 poor rural families in the mountainous northern Pengyang County townships of Luowa, Jiaocha, Wangwa, Xiaocha, Fengzhuang, Caomiao, and Mengyuan. (This represents 83.6% of all households in the region.) The second project — UNFCCC # 2311 — would provide solar cookers to 17,000 poor rural families in the Hong-Ru River area of southern Pengyang County, in the townships of Baiyang, Gucheng, Xinji, Chengyang and Honghe. (This represents 56.4% of all households in the region.) According to the project design document (PDD), the rural Pengyang region “is an ideal region for utilizing solar energy. Located at high altitude, this region has many sunny days. It is one of the most suitable regions in China for utilizing solar energy.” The project will benefit the participating communities and surrounding areas in a number of ways, according to the PDD. “The proposed project will significantly contribute to sustainable development of this region. It will serve as a model for future projects and stimulate the interests of investors in solar energy projects. It will promote the use of clean energy, educate and train the rural population on solar energy technology, and build awareness in environmental protection among the rural population. … The poor rural residents will get clean and reliable energy supply for their daily cooking.” The projects will be monitored by the Rural Energy Section (RES) of China’s Bureau of Agriculture, Graze and Science & Technology, under the supervision of Ningxia Federal Intertrade. RES will recruit and train local CDM groups of one to five people to collect and record monitoring data from five to 20 households each. Sampling surveys will be employed to determine annual solar cooker hours of operation as follows: a statistically significant number of households, 309 for each project, will be randomly selected each year; CDM groups will record daily solar cooker use for each sample household, with monthly totals to be checked for completeness and accuracy by Ningxia Federal Intertrade; at least once per month, each CDM group will spend an entire day with one family and monitor their solar cooker use in detail. Each participating household would pay a small project implementation fee of 30 Chinese Yuan (CNY), or about $4.40. This fee represents roughly one-tenth the value of the cooker, and includes free maintenance over the 10-year life of the project. Based on China’s national GB standard NY/T219-2003, this style of solar cooker has a power rating of 773.5 watts. Project planners determined traditional coal-fired stoves to have a thermal efficiency of approximately 15%, while calculating thermal efficiency of the solar cookers to be about 65%. Studies show that the solar cookers would need to be used at least four hours per day to meet the daily cooking and water heating needs of a typical target family, so the monthly usage is calculated to be 120 hours. After factoring in the monthly solar irradiance rates for the region, as well as other solar cooker design parameters, it is estimated that the two projects will each produce 35,723 tCO2e (tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) emission reductions per year, or 357,230 tCO2e over the 10-year project. Ningxia Federal Intertrade has also signed an emission reduction purchase agreement with Finland, according to the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. If that project is accepted, it would provide approximately 19,000 solar cookers to families in 31 villages in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region of China. Finland would purchase an estimated 175,549 CERs over a five-year period. Contact: Wei Jiang, general manager, Ningxia Federal Intertrade Company, High Technology Zone, No.34, Chuang-xin Garden, Yinchuan, 750002 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +86-951-5070212, fax: +86-951-5070300, e-mail: ju.ning@cleanairtrade.com; Detailed project information is available on the UNFCCC Web site at http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/TUEV-RHEIN1227579136.4 and http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/TUEV-RHEIN1227667866.93 respectively.
  
   
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=={{HeadingNews}}==
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[[Image:China_august_2008_concrete_cooker.jpg|thumb|right|250px]]
  
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[[File:Heqing Solar Cooker photo, 12-20-21.png|thumb|300px|Heqing Solar Cooker Project in Zhangye, ''Photo credit: Bristol Energy'']]
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*'''August 2008:''' U.S.-based humanitarian organization [[Operation Blessing International]] (OBI) is helping villagers in remote, barren regions of China’s Gansu Province to cook with solar energy. In 2007 OBI distributed 582 concentrator-type solar cookers at a cost of about $50 each. The cookers are made of a concave concrete shell lined with small mirror pieces that reflect sunlight under a cooking vessel, which sits on a metal support above the reflectors. According to OBI’s newsletter Blessings, the solar cookers are used to cook local crops like potatoes and wheat. “With a solar oven in the yard, villagers do not need to spend time collecting sticks or wood in order to boil water or cook potatoes,” said Dr. Ma Yan, OBI’s Gansu director. “Farmers still have to buy coal for heat and cooking, but a solar oven reduces the quantity of burning sticks, grass and wood that are very precious in the drought-stricken mountain areas.” [[Heifer China]] has begun distributing similar concentrator-type solar cookers in China, primarily in sunny Qinghai Province. A recent article in Heifer International’s World Ark magazine states that the solar cookers are “geared toward reducing reliance on firewood and preserving the pristine headwaters of many of Asia’s largest rivers. ... [They also] offer a clean alternative to fire pits and traditional stoves.”
  
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*{{NewDec21}}'''December 2012: Large solar cooker program in Zhangye''' - 49,000 solar cookers have been distributed to low-income residents in Zhangye, through the Heqing Solar Cooker Project! In this rural area, coal has historically been the primary fuel source. The high altiude location of Zhangye makes it ideal for solar cooking and a carbon offset program. [https://www.bristol-energy.co.uk/hequing-solar-cookers-china Read more...]
   
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[[File:Cooker_demonstration_in_China,_8-13-18.png|thumb|300px|Chefs prepare a demonstration meal in Dezhou, [[China]] 2 August, 2018 - ''Photo credit: Fu Ting'']]
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*'''November 2007:''' A report written by Australian scientist Xuemei Bai, and published in the Worldwatch Institute’s “State of the World 2007,” describes the city of Rizhao as a “solar-powered city.” Rizhao — which literally means “city of sunshine” — is a coastal city with nearly three million residents. Six thousand households have solar cooking facilities, but the most prevalent technology is solar water heaters. “A combination of regulations and public education spurred the broad adoption of solar heaters,” says Bai. “The city mandates all new buildings to incorporate solar panels. To raise awareness, the city held open seminars and ran public advertising on television.” An astounding 99% of central city households now have solar water heaters, as do 30% of suburban households. Given that Rizhao is not particularly wealthy, city officials have targeted their limited funds. Instead of subsidizing end users, as is often done, the government provides funding to the solar water heater industry to conduct research and development, resulting in technological breakthroughs that increase efficiency and lower prices. Standard solar water heaters now cost about the same as electric ones, and save the consumers about $120 per year over the 15-year lifespan. Rizhao is consistently ranked among the lowest polluting cities in China.
  
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*{{NewAug18}}'''August 2018: Solar cooker demonstration in Dezhou''' - Two dozen chefs with white aprons and hats prepared soups, baked "baozi" pork buns, and boiled rice porridge at a festival designed to demonstrate the potential of solar cookers that organizers claim can help reduce climate-changing greenhouse gas emissions. As hundreds of people strolled by, chefs armed with oven mitts scaled ladders to uncover piping-hot cooking tubes arrayed on nearly 2-meter (6-foot)-tall industrial racks. Smaller-scale vendors used 1-meter (3-foot)-long solar cookers designed to fold up for picnics. [https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/files/pdf2018/3108-2018-08-10-extra.pdf Read more...]
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*{{NewSep17}}'''September 2017:''' The 2017 [http://icaeer.org/a/Call_for_Invited_Sessions/2017/0816/25.html 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Research (ICAREE 2017)] organized by the Global Scientific Research Association (GSRA) was held on 11-13 August 2017 in Guangzhou, China. Representing solar cooking, [[Shyam Nandwani]], Ph.D., was one of the keynote speakers. There were about 40 participants, mainly from China, the rest from [[Taiwan]], [[Indonesia]], [[England]], and Dr. Nandwani from [[Costa Rica]].
   
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{{OldNewsLink}}
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[[Image:Tibet_medical_waste_sterilizer.jpg|thumb|right]]
  
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*'''July 2007:''' [[Tom Rick]] of the [[Yancheng Sangli Solar Energy | Yancheng Sangli Solar Energy Co. Ltd.]] announced that the company’s price for exporting high-powered, focusing solar cookers has been reduced to $65, FOB Shanghai. More information on these durable, effective cookers can be found in the November 2006 Solar Cooker Review article "Chinese company makes, exports thousands of solar cookers."
  
   
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=={{HeadingHistory}}==
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*'''March 2006:''' A group of six undergraduates from Tufts University traveled with their faculty advisor to Gymthang, Tibet, to investigate adaptation of solar cookers for medical waste disinfection. Under the guidance of the Health Ministry of Gyatsa county, China (Tibet), and the [[KunDe Foundation]], the students formulated plans prior to their visit as part of an interdisciplinary undergraduate design program affiliated with the Engineers Without Borders organization. Their design — a modified solar cooker — consisted of a double-walled box with a removable base, fixed dual-paned glass top, and four-sided reflector. Medical waste could be placed in a container on the removable base. By design, the cooker had to be fabricated locally from local materials. Mikmar, the village carpenter, built an internal hewn framework to which internal and external plywood walls were nailed. The corners of the box were sealed against air loss with high-quality reflective tape readily available across Asia for use with parabolic-type solar cookers. The glass was sealed in place using a mixture of animal collagen glue and epoxy. Felt, between the removable base and the walls of the box, limited hot air loss. The device was able to boil water in less than 20 minutes, and attained a maximum temperature of 120°C. In celebration, the students baked an apple pie for their hosts using yak butter and barley flour. The approach selected by the students was intended to encourage a motivated high-profile member of the community — the village doctor — to adopt use of the technology for a new application that would significantly improve current ground-dispersal methods for waste disposal. (The doctor did not have any patients during the time the students were in Tibet, but they intend to return to follow up on usage.) '''''Contact:''''' ''[[Douglas Matson]]''
  
  ⚫
(''Information for this section was taken originally from [[Media:sam.pdf|State of the Art of Solar Cooking, 2002]] by Dr. [[Barbara Knudson]]'')
   
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==The History of Solar Cooking in China==
  
 
The world's largest solar cooker programs are found in China. One contemporary
  
The world's largest solar cooker programs are found in China. One contemporary
 
spokesperson for this issue in China is [[Chen Xiaofu]], Deputy Secretary General of the
  
spokesperson for this issue in China is [[Chen Xiaofu]], Deputy Secretary General of the
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production, and in dissemination and sales for over 20 years. An earlier spokesman,
  
production, and in dissemination and sales for over 20 years. An earlier spokesman,
 
speaking at the First World Conference in Solar Cooking, held in 1992, provides an even
  
speaking at the First World Conference in Solar Cooking, held in 1992, provides an even
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longer history. [[Wang Xiping]], a participant in that meeting in Stockton, California,
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longer history. Wang Xiping, a participant in that meeting in Stockton, California,
 
outlines the use of light-collecting and focusing devices in China back into antiquity. He
  
outlines the use of light-collecting and focusing devices in China back into antiquity. He
 
tell his audience that solar cooking had appeared in China before the beginning of the 20th
  
tell his audience that solar cooking had appeared in China before the beginning of the 20th
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century, with Peking duck roasted in Xiao's Duck Shop, ChengDu, China, in 1894.
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century, with Peking duck roasted in Xiao's Duck Shop, ChengDu, China, in 1894
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(Pejak,ed., 1993, p. 12).
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(Pejak, ed., 1993, p. 12).
   
 
Both gentlemen and other reporters tell of a number of efforts within China in the
  
Both gentlemen and other reporters tell of a number of efforts within China in the
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1980 and 1990s. Following up on an initial meeting in 1973 on solar cooking as a new
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1980s and 1990s. Following up on an initial meeting in 1973 on solar cooking as a new
 
technology, the first China National Solar Energy Congress was held in 1975, a second in
  
technology, the first China National Solar Energy Congress was held in 1975, a second in
 
1979. From initially using principally circular parabolics and simple box cookers, new
  
1979. From initially using principally circular parabolics and simple box cookers, new
 
and improved designs were introduced during this period, and materials for several new
  
and improved designs were introduced during this period, and materials for several new
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designs were explored and tested. In 1982, at the national level, a [[United Key Task Team on Solar Cooking]] was created, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, since
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designs were explored and tested. In 1982, at the national level, a United Key Task Team on Solar Cooking was created, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, since
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the technology was particularly needed in rural areas where fuelwood was increasingly in
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the technology was particularly needed in rural areas where [[fuelwood]] was increasingly in
 
short supply. The work of the Task Team was to begin the rigorous assessment and
  
short supply. The work of the Task Team was to begin the rigorous assessment and
 
establishment of standards for solar cooking devices to assist consumers and policy
  
establishment of standards for solar cooking devices to assist consumers and policy
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this was occurring, solar cooking was spreading rapidly through the countryside as the
  
this was occurring, solar cooking was spreading rapidly through the countryside as the
 
new designs emerged. The need for mechanisms to evaluate cooking equipment became
  
new designs emerged. The need for mechanisms to evaluate cooking equipment became
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clear; by 1990, National Standards for examining and testing focussing cookers were
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clear; by 1990, National Standards for examining and testing focusing cookers were
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ratified by the China State Standard Agency. Over time, these beginning have led to
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ratified by the China State Standard Agency. Over time, these beginnings have led to
 
movement from experimentation to industrial production, and from strong government
  
movement from experimentation to industrial production, and from strong government
 
support to semi-commercial dissemination strategies.
  
support to semi-commercial dissemination strategies.
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made by hand, and in both modes, new and improved designs continue to be developed
  
made by hand, and in both modes, new and improved designs continue to be developed
 
and tested. Government sources continue to provide technical and financial assistance,
  
and tested. Government sources continue to provide technical and financial assistance,
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both to active and potential manufacturers and to low income consumers, through
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both to active and potential manufacturers and to low-income consumers, through
 
subsidies and tax reductions.
  
subsidies and tax reductions.
   
 
The most recent estimate of cookers in use in China is 560,000. While there is
  
The most recent estimate of cookers in use in China is 560,000. While there is
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considerable variance by region, each cooker is believed to have saved from ^600-1000
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considerable variance by region, each cooker is believed to have saved from 600-1,000
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kilograms (somewhat under 300 to 500 pounds) of fuel wood per year, important benefits
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kg (somewhat under 300 to 500 pounds) of fuelwood per year, important benefits
 
to both economic and environmental circumstances.
  
to both economic and environmental circumstances.
   
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70,000 solar cookers, mostly of the concentrator type, have been sold in Tibet. Initially,
  
70,000 solar cookers, mostly of the concentrator type, have been sold in Tibet. Initially,
 
these sales were heavily subsidized, but that seems no longer to be the case. The cost of
  
these sales were heavily subsidized, but that seems no longer to be the case. The cost of
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the devices is roughly $60, but fuel savings amortize the cost quickly. The devices are
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the devices is roughly USD 60, but fuel savings amortize the cost quickly. The devices are
 
more popular in rural areas than in cities, as agriculturalists and herders are eager to save
  
more popular in rural areas than in cities, as agriculturalists and herders are eager to save
 
animal dung for use as fertilizer rather than as cooking fuel.
  
animal dung for use as fertilizer rather than as cooking fuel.
   
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An example was seen recently by American subscribers to the National
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An example was seen recently by American subscribers to the ''National Geographic'' magazine. Many were startled when they opened the January 2002 issue of
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''National Geographic'' to find a picture of a woman making herself tea beside a modest
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Geographic magazine. Many were startled when they opened the January, 2002,
  
⚫
National Geographic, to find a picture of a woman making herself tea beside a modest
  
 
house in the middle of China's Alashan Plateau, an isolated high natural desert in the far
  
house in the middle of China's Alashan Plateau, an isolated high natural desert in the far
 
north of China, bordering [[Mongolia]]. The surprise was the stove she used, a mirrored
  
north of China, bordering [[Mongolia]]. The surprise was the stove she used, a mirrored
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earnings from herding camel and sheep. The lonely life meant she saw few people and
  
earnings from herding camel and sheep. The lonely life meant she saw few people and
 
had few opportunities to spend her small income. She therefore decided to invest in some
  
had few opportunities to spend her small income. She therefore decided to invest in some
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"creature comfort" for herself and purchased a parabolic solar cooker for about $150.
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"creature comfort" for herself and purchased a parabolic solar cooker for about USD 150.
 
She uses it regularly to cook her meals, make tea, and prepare food for occasional
  
She uses it regularly to cook her meals, make tea, and prepare food for occasional
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visitors, in this area where the sun shines most days. She was very pleased with herself
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visitors in this area where the sun shines most days. She was very pleased with herself
 
and her purchase.
  
and her purchase.
   
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Many reports of correspondence from manufacturers, research institutes, social
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Many reports of correspondence from manufacturers, research institutes, and social
 
organizations confirm the steady interest in China in solar cooking. Perhaps this interest,
  
organizations confirm the steady interest in China in solar cooking. Perhaps this interest,
 
expertise, and promising experience with solar cookers might be harnessed in some way
  
expertise, and promising experience with solar cookers might be harnessed in some way
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Research Institute of Gansu Province, Academy of Science, and aided by the Ministry of
  
Research Institute of Gansu Province, Academy of Science, and aided by the Ministry of
 
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. The workshop is one excellent model for
  
Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. The workshop is one excellent model for
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dissemination of the technology in [[Asia]]. China was also represented among those
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dissemination of the technology in Asia. China was also represented among those
 
demonstrating solar cooking at the 2002 Johannesburg World Social Summit.
  
demonstrating solar cooking at the 2002 Johannesburg World Social Summit.
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{{ArchivedPagesForHistory}}
   
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=={{HeadingClimateCulture}}==
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''[Information for this section was taken originally from [[Media:sam.pdf|State of the Art of Solar Cooking]] by Dr. [[Barbara Knudson]]]''
  
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==Climate, Culture, and Special Considerations==
  
 
[[Solar Cookers International]] has rated China as the #2 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: [[Media:25_countries_with_most_solar_cooking_potential.pdf|The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential]]). The estimated number of people in China
  
[[Solar Cookers International]] has rated China as the #2 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: [[Media:25_countries_with_most_solar_cooking_potential.pdf|The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential]]). The estimated number of people in China
 
with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 98,100,000.
  
with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 98,100,000.
   
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'''See also:'''
⚫
See also: [[Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables]]
  
  +
* {{WikipediaClimate|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China#Landscape_and_climate}}
  +
*{{NewAug19}}{{EnergySituationEnergypedia}}
  ⚫
* [[Solar cooker dissemination and cultural variables]]
   
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==[[Clean Development Mechanism]] projects (Carbon credits)==
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==Carbon credit projects==
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{{Main|Clean Development Mechanism}}
   
 
*[http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/TUEV-RHEIN1227667866.93 Federal Intertrade Hong-Ru River Solar Cooker Project]
  
*[http://cdm.unfccc.int/Projects/DB/TUEV-RHEIN1227667866.93 Federal Intertrade Hong-Ru River Solar Cooker Project]
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==Resources==
  
==Resources==
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{{ContinentInfo|Asia}}
 
===Websites===
  
===Websites===
   
 
===Reports===
  
===Reports===
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*{{NewMar15}}'''April 2014:''' [http://www.marketresearchreports.com/prof-research/market-research-report-global-and-chinese-solar-cooker-industry-2009-2019 Market Research Report on Global and Chinese Solar Cooker Industry, 2009-2019] (report costs USD 2400)
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*{{NewApr15}}'''February 15, 2014:''' [[Media:China-cdm_solar_cooking_project_paper(2014-02)final.pdf|SOLAR COOKING IN CHINA: CDM Registered Projects]] - ''Trish Sheehan ([[Solar Household Energy]])''
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*{{NewDec16}}'''August 2013:''' [[2013 World Bank Assessment of Solar Cooking in China]]
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*{{NewJul16}}'''September 2013:''' [[Media:China_-_Accelerating_Household_Access_to_Clean_Cooking_and_Heating_-_World_Bank_-_September_2013.pdf|China Accelerating Household Access to Clean Cooking and Heating]] - ''World Bank''
   
 
*'''October 2009:''' [http://www.archive.org/details/TibetanDevelopmentTrustProjectSolarCookersFor1656RuralTibetans Tibetan Development Trust Project: Solar Cookers for 1,656 Rural Tibetans]
  
*'''October 2009:''' [http://www.archive.org/details/TibetanDevelopmentTrustProjectSolarCookersFor1656RuralTibetans Tibetan Development Trust Project: Solar Cookers for 1,656 Rural Tibetans]
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*'''April 2008:''' [http://www.shemgroup.org/reports/701/solar-cooker-project-for-ragongma-and-dzelungtang-villages/ Solar Cooker Project for Ragongma and Dzelungtang Villages] - ''[[Shem Women's Group]]''
  
*'''April 2008:''' [http://www.shemgroup.org/reports/701/solar-cooker-project-for-ragongma-and-dzelungtang-villages/ Solar Cooker Project for Ragongma and Dzelungtang Villages] - ''[[Shem Women's Group]]''
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*'''November 2007:''' [[Media:Reisebericht_Ningxia_Nov2007.pdf|Solarkocherprojekt Alcan in der Provinz Ningxia/China Bericht über die Reise vom 10. Nov. bis 17. Nov. 2007 - ''Dieter Seifert'']] (original German text with photos), [[Media:Solar_Cooker_Project_Alcan_in_the_province_of_Ningxia.pdf|Solar Cooker Project Alcan in the province of Ningxia / China: Report from the visit from 10 November to 17 November 2007 - ''Dieter Seifert'']] ([https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&tl=en&u=http%3A%2F%2Fvignette2.wikia.nocookie.net%2Fsolarcooking%2Fimages%2F8%2F86%2FReisebericht_Ningxia_Nov2007.pdf%2Frevision%2Flatest%3Fcb%3D20150127192329 English translation])
   
 
*'''July 2007:''' [http://www.shemgroup.org/reports/266/people-final-report-of-solar-cooker-project-for-chalitong-village/ Solar cooker project for Chalitong Village] - ''[[Shem Women's Group]]''
  
*'''July 2007:''' [http://www.shemgroup.org/reports/266/people-final-report-of-solar-cooker-project-for-chalitong-village/ Solar cooker project for Chalitong Village] - ''[[Shem Women's Group]]''
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===Audio and video===
  
===Audio and video===
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*{{NewSep23}}'''September 2023: Cooking the daily meal''' - A Facebook user published her daily routine using their [[:Category:Parabolic solar cooker designs|parabolic solar cooker]].
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[[File:Solar Cookers in Tibetan Areas of China|thumb|none|455px|Solar cookers shown in use in Tibetan areas of China help reduce the difficult task of gathering bushes for fuel.]]
  
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{{FBVideo|https://www.facebook.com/groups/scwnet/permalink/10161440031979407/}}
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*'''June 2012:'''
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::[[File:Solar Cookers in Tibetan Areas of China|thumb|none|455px|Solar cookers shown in use in Tibetan areas of China help reduce the difficult task of gathering bushes for fuel.]]
   
 
===Articles in the media===
  
===Articles in the media===
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*'''August 2011:''' [http://www.shkp.com/en-US/Pages/press-release-detail/1731 Hong Kong’s First Solar-Cooking Day at SHKP’s Ma Wan Park: Local Families Promote Use of Renewable Energy] - ''Sun Hung Kai Properties''
  
*'''August 2011:''' [http://www.shkp.com/en-US/Pages/press-release-detail/1731 Hong Kong’s First Solar-Cooking Day at SHKP’s Ma Wan Park: Local Families Promote Use of Renewable Energy] - ''Sun Hung Kai Properties''
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*'''June 2009:''' [http://www.chinafrica.asia/solar-energy-kenya/ China and Kenya setting up a joint venture for solar energy products] - ''Chinaafrica.asia''
  
   
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*'''June 2009:''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20131113111331/http://www.chinafrica.asia/solar-energy-kenya/ China and Kenya setting up a joint venture for solar energy products] - ''Chinaafrica.asia''
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*'''May 2009:''' [http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/009911.html SolSource 3-in-1: An Alternative Energy Solution] - ''WorldChanging''
  
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*'''May 2009:''' [http://web.archive.org/web/20151110160423/http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/009911.html SolSource 3-in-1: An Alternative Energy Solution] - ''WorldChanging''
   
 
* '''February 2009:''' [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/gates-welling-0213.html Senior wins Gates scholarship] - ''MIT News''
  
* '''February 2009:''' [http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/gates-welling-0213.html Senior wins Gates scholarship] - ''MIT News''
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* '''March 2008:''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uoc--bcp032008.php Black carbon pollution emerges as major player in global warming] - ''Scripps Institution of Oceanography''
  
* '''March 2008:''' [http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2008-03/uoc--bcp032008.php Black carbon pollution emerges as major player in global warming] - ''Scripps Institution of Oceanography''
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* '''July 2007:''' [http://www.ob.org/programs/hope_works/news/2007/hw_2007_0420_solarovens.asp Solar-powered ovens revolutionize cooking] - ''[[Operation Blessing International | Operation Blessing]]''
  
   
 
* '''November 2006:''' [http://solarcooking.org/newsletters/scrnov06.htm#Chinese_company Chinese company makes, exports thousands of solar cookers]
  
* '''November 2006:''' [http://solarcooking.org/newsletters/scrnov06.htm#Chinese_company Chinese company makes, exports thousands of solar cookers]
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{{CountryContacts}}
  
{{CountryContacts}}
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[[Category:Countries]]
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===Gallery of manufacturers and vendors===
  
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[[Category:China]]
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<gallery>
  
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Image:Sangli1.jpg|[[Sangli Solar Energy]]
  
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</gallery>
  
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*[[w:c:fr.solarcooking:Four solaire parabolique "papillon"|Four solaire parabolique "papillon"]]
  
 
[[Category:East Asia]]
  
[[Category:East Asia]]
 
[[Category:Asia]]
  
[[Category:Asia]]
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[[Category:Countries]]
  
 
[[Category:Countries with the greatest solar cooking potential]]
  
[[Category:Countries with the greatest solar cooking potential]]

Latest revision as of 21:02, 16 September 2023

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Solar_Cookers_in_Tibetan_Areas_of_China

Solar Cookers in Tibetan Areas of China

Solar cookers shown in use in Tibetan areas of China help reduce the difficult task of gathering cooking fuel.

Events[]

Featured international events[]

SE for ALL forum logo 2024, 10-3-23
  • 4-6 June 2024 (Bridgetown, Barbados): Sustainable Energy for All Global Forum - The event will be co-hosted by Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) and the government of Barbados. It is a platform for government, business and finance leaders, entrepreneurs, and youth and community representatives from around the world to come together to broker new partnerships, spur new investment, and address challenges at the nexus of energy, climate, and development. More information...

Online events[]

ESMAP Photo, 4-16-24
  • NEW: Thursday, 18 April 2024 (2:30pm-3:15pm EDT), (Washington, D.C., USA): ESMAP Spring Meetings Knowledge Café: Clean Cooking at the Heart of Energy Access - Join ESMAP for this exciting knowledge-sharing opportunity, which will showcase the role of clean cooking as a key part of energy access and energy transition. Presentations by René van Hell, Director of Inclusive Growth, Ministry of Foreign Affair, Netherlands, Dr. Kandeh Yumkella Chairman, Presidential Initiative on Climate, Renewable Energy and Food Security, Sierra Leone, and Chandrasekar Govindarajalu, Practice Manager, ESMAP, World Bank. In-person attendance at World Bank Atrium, MC Front Lobby is for Spring Meetings registrants only. However, you can watch the event online

Requests for proposal[]

  • Decentralized Renewable Energy Solutions utilizing Solar and Bio-Energy - Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments of ScienceDirect, is requesting guest-author submissions. The special issue, VSI: DRES is devoted to publishing research articles reporting the innovative designs and design interventions in solar thermal and bio-energy for decentralized energy systems (DES). It includes i) new and novel designs of prototype or commercial devices and technologies, their development, modeling and simulations and experimental validation; ii) innovations for processes, techniques, utilization, and applications; iii) novel use of materials for improving efficiency, performance, techno-economic feasibility, and sustainability and iv) research findings addressing the socio-economic, health and safety impacts, and life cycle assessments leading to proposing novel devices for DES. The Deadline for submission is 31 July 2024. More submittal information...
See also: Global Calendar of Events and past events in China

News[]

Heqing Solar Cooker photo, 12-20-21

Heqing Solar Cooker Project in Zhangye, Photo credit: Bristol Energy

  • December 2012: Large solar cooker program in Zhangye - 49,000 solar cookers have been distributed to low-income residents in Zhangye, through the Heqing Solar Cooker Project! In this rural area, coal has historically been the primary fuel source. The high altiude location of Zhangye makes it ideal for solar cooking and a carbon offset program. Read more...
Cooker demonstration in China, 8-13-18

Chefs prepare a demonstration meal in Dezhou, China 2 August, 2018 - Photo credit: Fu Ting

  • August 2018: Solar cooker demonstration in Dezhou - Two dozen chefs with white aprons and hats prepared soups, baked "baozi" pork buns, and boiled rice porridge at a festival designed to demonstrate the potential of solar cookers that organizers claim can help reduce climate-changing greenhouse gas emissions. As hundreds of people strolled by, chefs armed with oven mitts scaled ladders to uncover piping-hot cooking tubes arrayed on nearly 2-meter (6-foot)-tall industrial racks. Smaller-scale vendors used 1-meter (3-foot)-long solar cookers designed to fold up for picnics. Read more...
  • September 2017: The 2017 2nd International Conference on Advances in Energy and Environmental Research (ICAREE 2017) organized by the Global Scientific Research Association (GSRA) was held on 11-13 August 2017 in Guangzhou, China. Representing solar cooking, Shyam Nandwani, Ph.D., was one of the keynote speakers. There were about 40 participants, mainly from China, the rest from Taiwan, Indonesia, England, and Dr. Nandwani from Costa Rica.
See older news...

History[]

(Information for this section was taken originally from State of the Art of Solar Cooking, 2002 by Dr. Barbara Knudson)

The world's largest solar cooker programs are found in China. One contemporary spokesperson for this issue in China is Chen Xiaofu, Deputy Secretary General of the China Association for Rural Energy. He writes that China has been active in designing devices, in materials technology, in establishing technical standards for industrial production, and in dissemination and sales for over 20 years. An earlier spokesman, speaking at the First World Conference in Solar Cooking, held in 1992, provides an even longer history. Wang Xiping, a participant in that meeting in Stockton, California, outlines the use of light-collecting and focusing devices in China back into antiquity. He tell his audience that solar cooking had appeared in China before the beginning of the 20th century, with Peking duck roasted in Xiao's Duck Shop, ChengDu, China, in 1894 (Pejak, ed., 1993, p. 12).

Both gentlemen and other reporters tell of a number of efforts within China in the 1980s and 1990s. Following up on an initial meeting in 1973 on solar cooking as a new technology, the first China National Solar Energy Congress was held in 1975, a second in 1979. From initially using principally circular parabolics and simple box cookers, new and improved designs were introduced during this period, and materials for several new designs were explored and tested. In 1982, at the national level, a United Key Task Team on Solar Cooking was created, under the auspices of the Ministry of Agriculture, since the technology was particularly needed in rural areas where fuelwood was increasingly in short supply. The work of the Task Team was to begin the rigorous assessment and establishment of standards for solar cooking devices to assist consumers and policy makers in comparing the efficiency and consumer acceptability of solar stoves. Even as this was occurring, solar cooking was spreading rapidly through the countryside as the new designs emerged. The need for mechanisms to evaluate cooking equipment became clear; by 1990, National Standards for examining and testing focusing cookers were ratified by the China State Standard Agency. Over time, these beginnings have led to movement from experimentation to industrial production, and from strong government support to semi-commercial dissemination strategies.

Most of the effort has been focused on rural areas. Districts with cooking fuel shortages have shown strong support for cookers using the sun's energy. Even as subsidies have been reduced, sales have continued to grow. Factories supply most of the cookers, which are made of metal or concrete, with glass as reflecting mirrors. Others are made by hand, and in both modes, new and improved designs continue to be developed and tested. Government sources continue to provide technical and financial assistance, both to active and potential manufacturers and to low-income consumers, through subsidies and tax reductions.

The most recent estimate of cookers in use in China is 560,000. While there is considerable variance by region, each cooker is believed to have saved from 600-1,000 kg (somewhat under 300 to 500 pounds) of fuelwood per year, important benefits to both economic and environmental circumstances.

Tibet appears to be a special case in regard to solar cookers. The Solar Energy Research and Demonstration Center of Tibet, in Lhasa, indicates that approximately 70,000 solar cookers, mostly of the concentrator type, have been sold in Tibet. Initially, these sales were heavily subsidized, but that seems no longer to be the case. The cost of the devices is roughly USD 60, but fuel savings amortize the cost quickly. The devices are more popular in rural areas than in cities, as agriculturalists and herders are eager to save animal dung for use as fertilizer rather than as cooking fuel.

An example was seen recently by American subscribers to the National Geographic magazine. Many were startled when they opened the January 2002 issue of National Geographic to find a picture of a woman making herself tea beside a modest house in the middle of China's Alashan Plateau, an isolated high natural desert in the far north of China, bordering Mongolia. The surprise was the stove she used, a mirrored solar collector. The brief story said that she was a widow of Mongolian heritage, 72 years old, living alone since the death of her husband almost 30 years ago, existing on earnings from herding camel and sheep. The lonely life meant she saw few people and had few opportunities to spend her small income. She therefore decided to invest in some "creature comfort" for herself and purchased a parabolic solar cooker for about USD 150. She uses it regularly to cook her meals, make tea, and prepare food for occasional visitors in this area where the sun shines most days. She was very pleased with herself and her purchase.

Many reports of correspondence from manufacturers, research institutes, and social organizations confirm the steady interest in China in solar cooking. Perhaps this interest, expertise, and promising experience with solar cookers might be harnessed in some way to assist other nations of the region.

To that end, a September 1994 International Solar Energy Applications Training Workshop was held for citizens of other Asian nations, sponsored by the National Energy Research Institute of Gansu Province, Academy of Science, and aided by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation. The workshop is one excellent model for dissemination of the technology in Asia. China was also represented among those demonstrating solar cooking at the 2002 Johannesburg World Social Summit.

Archived articles

Climate and culture[]

Solar Cookers International has rated China as the #2 country in the world in terms of solar cooking potential (See: The 25 countries with the most solar cooking potential). The estimated number of people in China with fuel scarcity but ample sun in 2020 is 98,100,000.

See also:

Carbon credit projects[]

Resources[]

Possible funding[]

Websites[]

Reports[]

The detailed nature of the final reports in .pdf format gives insight into village conditions, the cost of solar cookers, and the amount of local contributions for the solar cookers.

Audio and video[]

  • September 2023: Cooking the daily meal - A Facebook user published her daily routine using their parabolic solar cooker.


  • June 2012:
Solar_Cookers_in_Tibetan_Areas_of_China

Solar Cookers in Tibetan Areas of China

Solar cookers shown in use in Tibetan areas of China help reduce the difficult task of gathering bushes for fuel.

Articles in the media[]

External links[]

Contacts[]

The entities listed below are either based in China, or have established solar cooking projects there:

SCI Associates[]

NGOs[]

Manufacturers and vendors[]

Individuals[]

Government agencies[]

Educational institutions[]

See also[]

References[]

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