Solar Cooking
Explore
Main Page
All Pages
Community
Interactive Maps
Recent Blog Posts
LEARN
Introduction to solar cooking
Build a solar cooker
Buy a solar cooker
Frequently-asked questions
Cooking guidelines and recipes
Materials and components
Related technologies
Integrated Cooking Method
Heat-retention cooking
Solar food drying
Water pasteurization
Solar tracking
Heat storage
Other non-cooking uses
TEACH
Promoting solar cooking
Classroom resources
Research topics
Related technologies
Integrated Cooking Method
Heat-retention cooking
Solar food drying
Water pasteurization
Solar tracking
Heat storage
Other non-cooking uses
SEE ALL...
Site map
Designs
Construction plans
Countries
People and organizations
Solar Cookers International Associates
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Manufacturers and vendors
Individuals
News and events
News
Events
New site content
Facebook groups
ABOUT
The Solar Cooking Wiki
Mission
Create a wiki account
Add or edit an article
Solar Cookers International (SCI)
Becoming an SCI Associate
Contact
Solar Cookers International
Wiki administrators
FANDOM
Fan Central
BETA
Games
Anime
Movies
TV
Video
Wikis
Explore Wikis
Community Central
Start a Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Sign In
FANDOM
Explore
Current Wiki
Start a Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Sign In
Sign In
Register
Solar Cooking Wiki
1,787
pages
Explore
Main Page
All Pages
Community
Interactive Maps
Recent Blog Posts
LEARN
Introduction to solar cooking
Build a solar cooker
Buy a solar cooker
Frequently-asked questions
Cooking guidelines and recipes
Materials and components
Related technologies
Integrated Cooking Method
Heat-retention cooking
Solar food drying
Water pasteurization
Solar tracking
Heat storage
Other non-cooking uses
TEACH
Promoting solar cooking
Classroom resources
Research topics
Related technologies
Integrated Cooking Method
Heat-retention cooking
Solar food drying
Water pasteurization
Solar tracking
Heat storage
Other non-cooking uses
SEE ALL...
Site map
Designs
Construction plans
Countries
People and organizations
Solar Cookers International Associates
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs)
Manufacturers and vendors
Individuals
News and events
News
Events
New site content
Facebook groups
ABOUT
The Solar Cooking Wiki
Mission
Create a wiki account
Add or edit an article
Solar Cookers International (SCI)
Becoming an SCI Associate
Contact
Solar Cookers International
Wiki administrators
Editing
Boil 3, Add 1 Method
Back to page
Edit
Edit source
View history
Talk (0)
Edit Page
Boil 3, Add 1 Method
Warning:
You are not logged in. Your IP address will be publicly visible if you make any edits. If you
log in
or
create an account
, your edits will be attributed to your username, along with other benefits.
The edit appears to have already been undone.
Anti-spam check. Do
not
fill this in!
{{GoogleTranslateLinks}} {{Updated|10|15|19}} [[File:Water_pasteurization_lethal_graph.gif|thumb|Source: https://www.redpostltd.com/support/science]] The '''Boil 3, Add 1 Method''' is a method of water disinfection proposed by former [[Solar Cookers International]] staff member [[Tom Sponheim]] that provides the fuel savings of [[water pasteurization]] without the need for a thermometer to determine if pasteurization temperature has been reached. This is achieved by replacing temperature measurements with simple volume measurements that anyone can perform. One measure of cold water is added to three measures of boiling water. Using this method, the resulting water is safe to drink, and fuel is saved without the need for a thermometer. '''''Please note:''' This method needs more validation by testing in the field.'' ==The problem== Everybody knows that water contaminated by pathogens can be made safe to drink by boiling it. However, [[Solar Cookers International]] co-founder Dr. [[Bob Metcalf]], a microbiologist, confirmed in an article in APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY (Feb. 1984) that water could be made safe to drink using much lower pasteurization temperatures, {{Degree|65}}, thus saving fuel.<ref>[[Media:Pasteurization of Naturally Contaminated Water with Solar Energy-Metcalf and Ciochetti.pdf|Pasteurization of Naturally Contaminated Water with Solar Energy]]</ref> Although the fuel savings of pasteurization make it preferable to boiling, boiling is still commonly recommended because the rising bubbles are a clear indication that boiling temperatures have been reached. However, in order to achieve the fuel savings of the lower pasteurization temperatures, a thermometer has been needed. Such devices are not available to the world's poor. The advantage of the Boil 3, Add 1 Method is that these fuel savings can be achieved without the use of a thermometer. Thus, this method can be spread as information, which is much easier to propagate than hardware-based solutions. ==Designing for the worst case== A worst-case test at sea level shows that adding 1 measure of water at {{Degree|1}} (the coldest temperature where water is still liquid) to 3 measures of boiling water resulted in 4 measures of water at {{Degree|78}}, which is well above the temperature where water is pasteurized and thus safe to drink. Mathematics predicts that the resultant temperature should have been {{Degree|75.25}}, but the residual heat in the pot may have contributed to the higher experimental temperature. Calculations show that the Boil 3, Add 1 Method will always produce safe water — {{Degree|65}} or above — up to an elevation of {{MT|4000}}. == Using the Boil 3, Add 1 Method== #Select a container appreciably smaller than your cooking pot. #Pour 3 containers full (3 measures) of water into the cooking pot. #Heat the water to boiling. #As soon as the water reaches a ''full boil'', add 1 measure of cold water into the boiling water and take the pot off of the stove. (The stove can be used immediately to boil another pot of water or for cooking.) #{{NewNov16}}Stir the water to mix the hot and cold water together. #If you plan to use the measuring cup to drink the water, immediately pour some of the heated water into this cup to pasteurize it too. #Let the water cool before drinking since it will still be hot enough to cause very bad burns. ==Low altitude variation: Boil 5 Add 2== The normal "Boil 3, Add 1" method works at any altitude up to {{MT|4000}} (using worst-case assumptions) since it takes into account the fact that water boils at a lower temperature at higher altitudes. At sea level, however, one can mix the water in a proportion of 5:2 instead of 3:1 and arrive at a temperature of {{Degree|71.7}}. This variation allows for more water to be pasteurized at lower altitudes. ==Disadvantages== *People using this method must be taught not to use the measuring cup as a drinking cup after the pot of water has cooled down. *This method will not work unattended as does the pasteurization with the use of a [[Water Pasteurization Indicator]]. ==Research findings== *{{NewJan20}}'''December 2019:''' [[Media:Mixing_Boiling_Water_-_Final_Report_-_Kenya_Lab_(Kevin_McLean).pdf|Water Disinfection Experiment design Report]] - ''Nzoia Water and Services Co Lt'' *{{NewOct19}}'''October 2019:''' [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1PifTmJ6haJYV13zs0zzV61P0xFXyLSB2kS9fs6vDH6E/edit?usp=sharing Water Disinfection Experiment Design Report] - ''Nzoia Water and Services Co Lt'' *{{NewSep19}}'''September 2019:''' [[Media:Water_Disinfection_-_Add_Unheated_Water_to_Boiling_Water_Sun24_-_2019.pdf|Research results]] of the NGO [[Sun24]] ==Topics for research== *The above method was designed to work even if the colder water is close to freezing and the boiling temperature is only {{Degree|86.4}}, as it is at an altitude of {{MT|4000}}. Design for the worst-case scenario is necessary for this method to work 100% of the time and to be easily communicated with others. However, humans are able to determine when water is lukewarm (body temperature) within a few degrees (this should be tested). This lukewarm water could be added in a proportion of 1:1 with boiling water and pasteurization might still be achieved (mathematics shows that the resulting temperature at sea level would be {{Degree|68.5}}. At 5000 mt (16400 ft) a ratio of 2:1 would result in water at {{Degree|67.5}}. *Might it be possible to combine this method with [[heat-retention cooking]], in that a great amount of cold water could be added if the pot was then placed into an insulated bag that would hold the water at this lower temperature for a longer time? ==External links== *[http://solarcooking.org/pasteurization/Mixing_water.xls Excel spreadsheet] for calculating the resulting temperature when mixing quantities of water a different temperatures ==See also== *[[Water pasteurization]] *[[Water Pasteurization Indicator]] {{References}} [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Water pasteurization]]
Summary:
Please note that all contributions to the Solar Cooking are considered to be released under the CC-BY-SA
Cancel
Editing help
(opens in new window)
Insert:
{{Clr}}
{{See|}}
{{Main|}}
<br/>
#Redirect[[
{{Welcome}}
{{GoogleTranslateLinkAuto}}
–
—
…
°
€
≈
≠
±
−
×
÷
←
→
·
§
Á
Ä
Å
á
à
ä
å
É
é
è
ê
í
ñ
Ó
Ö
ó
ô
ö
ø
Ø
œ
æ
Æ
Ü
ü
Ú
ú
{{SubSection|
{{CountryPageHeader||}}
{{Updated|1||24}}
{{NewJan24}}
*{{NewJan24}}'''January 2024:'''
{{Updated|2||24}}
{{NewFeb24}}
*{{NewFeb24}}'''February 2024:'''
{{Degree|}}
{{DegreeF}}
{{DegreeRange||}}
{{CM|}}
{{KG|}}
{{ML|}}
{{LT|}}
{{Sqm}}
{{CO2}}
{{Subst:New}}
{{Subst:CountryPage}}
{{Subst:NewsArchive}}
{{Subst:TwitterFeedTabs}}
{{Subst:IndentedGallery}}
{{Subst:HTMLTable}}
<twitter screen-name=""/>
{{ColoredText|text|color}}
{{ColoredText|Archived
page|green}}
{{HeadingVideo}}
{{HeadingProjectEvals}}
{{HeadingNews}}
{{HeadingClimateCulture}}
{{HeadingHistory}}
{{HeadingClimateCulture}}
{{HeadingDocuments}}
{{HeadingPublications}}
Templates used on this page:
Template:Degree
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:GoogleTranslateLinks
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:GoogleTranslateLinksCore
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:MT
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:NewJan20
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:NewNov16
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:NewOct19
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:NewSep19
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:References
(
view source
) (protected)
Template:Updated
(
view source
) (protected)
Follow on IG
TikTok
Join Fan Lab